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Σの計算の問題の解法 | 夢を叶える塾
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Σの計算の問題の解法

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Σの計算問題です。

基本問題

(1)\displaystyle \sum_{k=1}^{n} (2k+1)
(2)\displaystyle \sum_{k=1}^{n} \{(2k+1)(k+1)\}

解き方

Σの性質と公式を使って計算します。

解説

問題の前に、まずΣの記号の意味から確認しましょう。

\displaystyle \sum_{k=1}^{n} a_k
これはまず「Σ」という記号が「和を計算しますよ」という記号ですね。
そしてどんな和かというとΣの対象とする関数が「a_k」になっています。
\{a_k\}という数列、つまりa_1,a_2,a_3,...に対しての和ですという事を表しています。
この数列に対して、Σの下のk=1a_kkk=1から始めますよという事を表しています。
さらにΣの上のnk=nまでの和を取りますという事を表しています。
だから、
\displaystyle \sum_{k=1}^{n} a_k=a_1+a_2+...+a_n
という計算をするわけです。

例えば\displaystyle a_k=2k+1,\sum_{k=5}^{10} a_kだったらどうなるでしょう?
a_1=3,a_2=5,...という数列のk=5からk=10までの和ですね?
つまり\displaystyle \sum_{k=5}^{10} a_k=a_5+a_6+a_7+a_8+a_9+a_{10}を計算します。

さてΣは和をとる記号ですが、いくつかとても便利な性質を持っています。
(A)\displaystyle \sum_{k=1}^{n} a_k+b_k=\sum_{k=1}^{n} a_k+\sum_{k=1}^{n} b_k
中身のkの式をばらすことができます
\displaystyle \sum_{k=1}^{n} k^2+k=\sum_{k=1}^{n} k^2+\sum_{k=1}^{n} k
という変形ができます。
\displaystyle \sum_{k=1}^{n} k^2+k=(1^2+1)+(2^2+2)+...+(n^2+n)
ですから和をとる順序を変えれば
\displaystyle =(1^2+2^2+...+n^2)+(1+2+...+n)=\sum_{k=1}^{n} k^2+\sum_{k=1}^{n} k
となるからです。

(b)\displaystyle \sum_{k=1}^{n} c\cdot a_k=c\sum_{k=1}^{n} a_k
定数は外に出すことができます
\displaystyle \sum_{k=1}^{n} 2k^2=2\sum_{k=1}^{n} k^2
という変形ができます。
\displaystyle \sum_{k=1}^{n} 2k^2=2\cdot 1^2+2\cdot 2^2+...+2\cdot n^2)
ですから共通因数をくくれば
\displaystyle =2(1^2+2^2+...+n^2)=2\sum_{k=1}^{n} k^2
となるからです。

これらの性質を使うとどんなn次式も定数とk^nの和で表すことができますね。

そしてΣの公式を使います。
\displaystyle \sum_{k=1}^{n} 1(=1+1+...+1)=n
\displaystyle \sum_{k=1}^{n} k(=1+2+3+...+n)=\frac{1}{2}n(n+1)
\displaystyle \sum_{k=1}^{n} k^2(=1^2+2^2+3^2+...+n^2)=\frac{1}{6}n(n+1)(2n+1)
\displaystyle \sum_{k=1}^{n} k^3(=1^3+2^3+3^3+...+n^3)=\{\frac{1}{2}n(n+1)\}^2
\displaystyle \sum_{k=1}^{n} r^{k-1}(=1+r+r^2+...+r^{n-1})=\frac{r^n-1}{r-1}=\frac{1-r^n}{1-r}

どんなn次式も定数とk^nの和で表すことができましたので、これらの公式を使うと3次式までの和が計算できます

では問題を解いてみましょう。
(1)\displaystyle \sum_{k=1}^{n} (2k+1)
公式を使っていきます。
まずΣの性質を使ってばらします。
\displaystyle \sum_{k=1}^{n} (2k+1)=2\sum_{k=1}^{n} k+\sum_{k=1}^{n} 1
公式を当てはめて置換します。
\displaystyle =2\frac{1}{2}n(n+1)+n
\displaystyle =n(n+1)+n=n^2+n+n=n^2+2n
答えです。

(2)\displaystyle \sum_{k=1}^{n} \{(2k+1)(k+1)\}
公式を使っていきます。
まずΣの中の式を整理(展開)しましょう。
\displaystyle \sum_{k=1}^{n} \{(2k+1)(k+1)\}=\sum_{k=1}^{n} (2k^2+3k+1)
あとは(1)と同じです。
Σの性質を使ってばらします。
\displaystyle =2\sum_{k=1}^{n} k^2+3\sum_{k=1}^{n}k+\sum_{k=1}^{n}1
公式を当てはめて置換します。
\displaystyle =2\frac{1}{6}n(n+1)(2n+1)+3\frac{1}{2}n(n+1)+n
\displaystyle =\frac{1}{6}(4n^3+6n^2+2n)+\frac{1}{2}(3n^2+3n)+n
\displaystyle =\frac{1}{6}(4n^3+6n^2+2n+9n^2+9n+6n)
\displaystyle =\frac{1}{6}(4n^3+15n^2+17n)
答えです。

n=1,2あたりの計算しやすい値を代入して確認しておけると安心です
n=1のとき和はa_1なので6ですが、求めた式に代入すると\displaystyle \frac{1}{6}(4+15+17)=6で合いました。
n=2のとき和はa_1+1_2で6+15=21ですが、求めた式に代入すると\displaystyle \frac{1}{6}(32+60+34)=21で合いました。

応用問題

(1)\displaystyle \sum_{k=1}^{n-1} (2k+1)
(2)\displaystyle \sum_{k=1}^{n-1} 2^k

解き方

基本的には基本問題と同じです。
ただ、和の公式に合うよう調整が必要です。

解説

(1)\displaystyle \sum_{k=1}^{n-1} (2k+1)
さて、何が違うか?
\displaystyle \sum_{k=1}^{n} (2k+1)
ではなく
\displaystyle \sum_{k=1}^{n-1} (2k+1)
です。
nがn-1になりました。
公式はnまでの和ですが、問題はn-1までの和です。
公式にn-1を代入して使えばいいんですね

\displaystyle \sum_{k=1}^{n-1} (2k+1)=2\sum_{k=1}^{n-1} k+\sum_{k=1}^{n-1} 1
\displaystyle =2\frac{1}{2}(n-1)(n-1+1)+(n-1)
\displaystyle =n(n-1)+(n-1)=n^2-n+n-1=n^2-1
答えです。

なお、基本問題の(1)で求めたnまでの和から、末項の2n+1を引いても求めることができますね。
\displaystyle n^2+2n-(2n+1)=n^2-1
この発想も大切ですよ。

(2)\displaystyle \sum_{k=1}^{n-1} 2^k
これもなんだか少しずつずれています
\displaystyle \sum_{k=1}^{n} 2^{k-1}=\frac{2^n-1}{2-1}=2^n-1
なら良いのですが。

ずれてしまっているのは、「nがn-1に変わった点」と「2^{k-1}2^kに変わった点」です。

「nがn-1に変わった点」は先程の(1)と同様、n-1を代入して使います。

2^{k-1}2^kに変わった点」は計算する式を変形しましょう。
\displaystyle 2^k=2 \cdot 2^{k-1}
という変形です。

では求めていきます。
\displaystyle \sum_{k=1}^{n-1} 2^k=\sum_{k=1}^{n-1} 2\cdot 2^{k-1}
\displaystyle =2\sum_{k=1}^{n-1} 2^{k-1}
\displaystyle =2\frac{2^{n-1}-1}{2-1}
\displaystyle =2\cdot 2^{n-1}-2
\displaystyle =2^n-2

終わりに

計算問題なので公式と性質を理解できれば得点もしやすいでしょう。
また、Σの計算は階差数列を学習するうえで必要になります。
階差数列を使うと数列の規則性が難しい数列の一般項を求める事ができる場合があります。

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