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等差数列 | 夢を叶える塾
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等差数列

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等差数列

数列はいくらでも作れます。
そんな数列をいくつか分類します。
その分類の1つが等差数列です。
数列の各項の差が一定になっている数列を、等差数列と呼ぶことにします。
この一定の差の事と公差と言います。
初項と公差が決まると、等差数列の第n項が決まります。

例えば初項が1、公差が1であれば、
1,1+1=2,2+1=3,…
1,2,3,…
となります。
第n項はnです。
a_1=1
a_2=2
・・・
a_n=n
という第n項をnの式で表すことができます。
与えられた数列の一般項をnの式で表すことは数列の導入問題となります。

等差数列の一般項は初項と公差が決まると決まるという話をしました。
初項と公差の値を使って、一般項をnの式で表すことができるという事です。
初項はa_1です。
公差をdとしましょう。

このとき第2項を初項と公差で表すとa_2=a_1+dになります。
隣り合う項の差が公差ですからa_2-a_1=dを変形して得られます。
では第3項はどうでしょうか?
a_3-a_2=dですからa_3=a_2+dで、先程のa_2=a_1+dの式を使うと、
a_3=(a_1+d)+d=a_1+2d
これを繰り返していくとa_nが得られます。
a_4=a_3+d=(a_2+d)+d=((a_1+d)+d)+d=a_1+3d
・・・
a_n=a_1+(n-1)d
これは初項からdをn-1回足した式とも取れます。
その観点で見ていくと、
第2項は初項から1回dを足す。
第3項は初項から2回dを足す。
第n項は初項からn-1回dを足す。
確かにそのような意味を持っています。

初項a_1、公差dの等差数列の一般項は
a_n=a_1+(n-1)d
で表すことができます。

例題は等差数列の問題の解法をご参照ください。

等差数列の和

等差数列は初項と公差が決まれば一般項が決まりました。
和はどうでしょうか?
初項と公差で全ての項がわかるわけですから、その和もわかります。
問題はどのような形になるかです。
初項と公差で表すことができるはずです。

S_1=a_1
S_2=a_1+a_2=a_1+(a_1+d)+2a_1+d
S_3=a_1+a_2+a_3=a_1+(a_1+d)+(a_1+2d)=3a_1+3d
S_4=a_1+a_2+a_3+a_4=a_1+(a_1+d)+(a_1+2d)+(a_1+3d)=4a_1+6d
・・・
S_n=a_1+a_2+a_3+...+a_n=a_1+(a_1+d)+(a_1+2d)+...+(a_1+(n-1)d)=na_1+?d
ぱっとdの係数がわかったら・・・きっと秀才と呼んでもらえるでしょう。
dの係数を求めるにはあるコツがあります。
S_nの並びを反転させて足してもm足し算の入替をするだけですから、値は変わりません。
これを使います。
つまり、
S_n=a_1+(a_1+d)+(a_1+2d)+...+(a_1+(n-1)d)
S_n=(a_1+(n-1)d)+(a_1+(n-2)d)+(a_1+(n-3)d)+...+a_1
この2つはこの順序で足し算をすると面白い事が起きます。
S_n+S_n=\{a_1+(a_1+(n-1)d)\}+\{(a_1+d)+(a_1+(n-2)d)\}+\{(a_1+2d)+(a_1+(n-2)d)\}+...+\{(a_1+(n-1)d)+a_1\}
2S_n=\{a_1+a_1+(n-1)d)\}+\{a_1+d+a_1+(n-2)d\}+\{a_1+2d+a_1+(n-3)d\}+...+\{a_1+(n-1)d+a_1\}
2S_n=\{2a_1+(n-1)d)\}+\{2a_1+(n-1)d\}+\{2a_1+(n-1)d\}+...+\{2a_1+(n-1)d\}
2S_n=n(2a_1+(n-1)d))
\displaystyle S_n=\frac{1}{2}n(2a_1+(n-1)d))
これで等差数列の第n項までの和を、初項と公差で表すことができました。

ここでa_1+(n-1)dは第n項の事ですから、
\displaystyle S_n=\frac{1}{2}n(a_1+a_n)
と書いても良いわけです。
この最後の項を末項と言いますが、数列の問題では末項が与えられている場合もあります。
どちらの式も使えると良いですが、片方をマスターする事でも答えを出すことに支障はないでしょう。

例題は等差数列の問題の解法をご参照ください。

等差数列の3項間の関係

等差数列のどの連続する3項もある性質を持っています。
例えば適当な3項を選んで、a_m,a_{m+1},a_{m+2}としましょう。
公差をdとすればa_{m+1}=a_m+d,a_{m+2}=a_m+2dです。
a_m+a_{m+2}=a_m+(a_m+2d)=2a_m+2d=2(a_m+d)=2a_{m+1}
それほど重要ではないのですが、連続する3項が出てきたときは思い出してください。

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