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階差数列から求める漸化式の問題の解法 | 夢を叶える塾
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階差数列から求める漸化式の問題の解法

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a_{n+1}=a_n+f(n)の形の漸化式の一般項を求める問題です。

基本問題

a_1=1,a_{n+1}=a_n+2n-1の一般項a_nをnの式で表しなさい。

解き方

第n+1項と第n項の差がnの式になっているような漸化式です。
このタイプの漸化式は階差数列がnの式になっているわけです。
nの式の和を使って求める事ができます。

解説

a_1=1,a_{n+1}=a_n+2n-1の一般項a_nをnの式で表しなさい。

a_{n+1}-a_n=2n-1になります。
第n+1項と第n項の差の式が与えられていますので、階差数列\{b_n\}2n-1になっています。
数列\{a_n\}は階差数列\{b_n\}を使ってn\geq 2の一般項を\displaystyle a_n=a_1+\sum_{k=1}^{n-1} b_kと表せました
詳しくは階差数列の問題の解法をご確認ください。

よってn\geq 2なるnに対して、
\displaystyle a_n=a_1+\sum_{k=1}^{n-1} 2k-1
\displaystyle a_n=1+2\frac{n(n-1)}{2}-(n-1)
a_n=1+n^2-n-n+1
a_n=n^2-2n+2

これはn=1のときもa_1=1^2-2+2=1で成り立ちます。
全ての自然数nに対してa_n=n^2-2n+2になります。

応用問題

a_1=3,a_{n+1}=3a_n+2^nの一般項a_nをnの式で表しなさい。

解き方

変形してa_{n+1}=a_n+f(n)の形の漸化式にしましょう。
a_{n+1},a_nの係数が等しくなるように変形したいですね。
b_nをうまく使ってb_{n+1}=b_n+g(n)の形を作ります。
b_nにはnの式が、b_{n+1}はn+1の式が掛けられるように変形します。

解説

a_1=3,a_{n+1}=3a_n+2^nの一般項a_nをnの式で表しなさい。

解き方にもあるように、a_{n+1},a_nの係数が等しくなるように変形します。
3が邪魔ですね?
ただ3を掛けたり3で割ったりしても意味がありません。
n,n+1という要素を作ります。
既に3が掛けられているので3がn,n+1回掛けられているような式を作ります。
この発想です。

3^nを掛けてみます。
3^na_{n+1}=3^n\cdot 3a_n+3^n\cdot 2^n
3^na_{n+1}=3^{n+1}a_n+6^n
これではn,n+1が逆転していますね。
次の手は、逆転させる、つまり割ればいい。

3^nで割ります。
\displaystyle \frac{a_{n+1}}{3^n}=\frac{3a_n}{3^n}+\frac{2^n}{3^n}
\displaystyle 3\frac{a_{n+1}}{3^{n+1}}=3\frac{a_n}{3^n}+\left(\frac{2}{3}\right)^n
3が1つ邪魔なのでもう一回3で割っておきましょう。
\displaystyle \frac{a_{n+1}}{3^{n+1}}=\frac{a_n}{3^n}+\frac{1}{3}\left(\frac{2}{3}\right)^n
後々階差数列を計算する事を踏まえて少し変形しておきます。
\displaystyle \frac{a_{n+1}}{3^{n+1}}=\frac{a_n}{3^n}+\frac{2}{9}\left(\frac{2}{3}\right)^{n-1}

\displaystyle b_n=\frac{a_n}{3^n}と置きたくなりますね?
\displaystyle b_n=\frac{a_n}{3^n}とすると、
\displaystyle b_1=\frac{a_1}{3^1}=\frac{3}{3}=1,b_{n+1}=\frac{a_{n+1}}{3^{n+1}}になります。
\displaystyle b_{n+1}=b_n+\frac{2}{9}\left(\frac{2}{3}\right)^{n-1}

b_nは初項が1で階差数列が\displaystyle \frac{2}{9}\left(\frac{2}{3}\right)^{n-1}の数列になっています。

よってn\geq 2なるnに対して、
\displaystyle b_n=b_1+\sum_{k=1}^{n-1} \frac{2}{9}\left(\frac{2}{3}\right)^{k-1}
\displaystyle b_n=1+\frac{2}{9}\frac{1-\left(\frac{2}{3}\right)^{n-1}}{1-\left(\frac{2}{3}\right)}
\displaystyle b_n=1+\frac{2}{3}\frac{1-\left(\frac{2}{3}\right)^{n-1}}{3-3\left(\frac{2}{3}\right)}
\displaystyle b_n=1+\frac{2}{3}\left(1-\left(\frac{2}{3}\right)^{n-1}\right)
\displaystyle b_n=\frac{3}{3}+\frac{2}{3}-\frac{2}{3}\left(\frac{2}{3}\right)^{n-1}
\displaystyle b_n=\frac{5}{3}-\left(\frac{2}{3}\right)^n

n=1のとき\displaystyle b_1=\frac{5}{3}-\frac{2}{3}=1なのですべてのnで\displaystyle b_n=\frac{5}{3}-\left(\frac{2}{3}\right)^nが成り立ちます。

\displaystyle b_n=\frac{a_n}{3^n}でしたので、\displaystyle a_n=3^nb_nになります。
\displaystyle a_n=3^nb_n=3^n\left(\frac{5}{3}-\left(\frac{2}{3}\right)^n\right)
\displaystyle a_n=5\cdot 3^{n-1}-2^n
となります。

なお、この問題は2^nで割って、等比数列と定数項の和になる漸化式として解くこともできます。

終わりに

ここまでは漸化式から数列がどんな数列になるかイメージしやすいと思います。
「次の項と前の項の差の式・・・階差数列か」
と、式を暗記せずに理解できると良いですね。

第n+1項と第n項の差の式を作る事が出来れば、後は和を求める事ができるかどうかです。
和を求めるのが難しい場合は、ほかの形に帰着させると良いかもしれませんね。

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