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等比数列と定数項の和になる漸化式の問題の解法 | 夢を叶える塾
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等比数列と定数項の和になる漸化式の問題の解法

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a_{n+1}=pa_n+qの形の漸化式の一般項を求める問題です。

基本問題

a_1=2,a_{n+1}=2a_n-1の一般項a_nをnの式で表しなさい。

解き方

見た感じシンプルです。
簡単そうと思いきや、中々難しい

前の項を2倍2倍していく要素
前の項から1ずつ引いていく要素
これらが組み合わさっています。
nの式で表そうと思っても、ちょっと難しい。

このタイプの問題は等比数列に帰着させる問題の代表的な亜種です。
数列\{b_n\}が等比数列になるような漸化式を作ります。
そのために用いるのが「特性方程式」です。
a_{n+1}=pa_n+qに対し特性方程式x=px+qの解cを使って
a_{n+1}-c=p(a_n-c)
という式に変形します。
これはb_n=a_n-cとしたくなる形ですね。
後はb_{n+1}=pb_nですから等比数列b_nの一般項を求め、b_na_nに戻せば答えになります。

解説

a_1=2,a_{n+1}=2a_n-1の一般項a_nをnの式で表しなさい。

では、特性方程式の解を用いで式を変形します。
x=2x-1
x=1
という事で、
a_{n+1}-1=2(a_n-1)
となります。
※確かに変形し直すと元の式に戻りますよね?

b_n=a_n-1としましょう。
b_1=a_1-1=2-1=1,b_{n+1}=a_{n+1}-1となります。
b_{n+1}=2b_n
b_nは初項が1、公比が2の等比数列です。
b_n=2^{n-1}になります。

b_n=a_n-1だったので
a_n=b_n+1=2^{n-1}+1
よって、一般項a_nをnの式で表すと、
a_n=2^{n-1}+1
になります。

応用問題

a_1=3,a_{n+1}=2a_n-nの一般項a_nをnの式で表しなさい。

解き方

1がnに変わっただけで何とも難しく感じるかもしれません。
数列の解法をパターンで暗記しているとちょっとした変化に対応しにくくなります
4つのパターンにどうやって帰着させるかを考えてみましょう。
そのために式をいじくり倒します

解説

a_1=3,a_{n+1}=2a_n-nの一般項a_nをnの式で表しなさい。

a_{n+1}=2a_n-n前の項を2倍する訳なので、等比数列のような形をしているはずです。
なんとなくそんな予想を立てておけると良いです。

「等比数列にできるはずだ・・・そうか!
a_{n+1}-k(n+1)=2(a_n-kn)
こんな式は作れないだろうか!?」
こうなればb_n=a_n-knとして解けそうです。
a_{n+1}-k(n+1)=2a_n-2kn
a_{n+1}=2a_n-2kn+k(n+1)
a_{n+1}=2a_n-k(n-1)
-k(n-1)=-n
\displaystyle k=\frac{n}{n-1}
kがnの式になってしまうと、置換するときずれてしまうので都合が悪いです。
(kがnの式だと単純にb_{n+1}=a_{n+1}-k(n+1)とできない)
ナイストライです、きっとこんな感じでも解けるはずです

nだから難しいんですよね。
nを消してしまいたい。
a_{n+1}=2a_n-n・・・①
の次の項
a_{n+2}=2a_{n+1}-(n+1)・・・②
にはnの項がいますね。
②-①でnを消してみます。
a_{n+2}-a_{n+1}=2a_{n+1}-2a_n-(n+1)-(-n)
a_{n+2}-a_{n+1}=2(a_{n+1}-a_n)-1
これはb_n=a_{n+1}-a_nとしたくなりますね

b_n=a_{n+1}-a_nとすると、
b_1=a_2-a_1です。
a_2=2a_1-1=6-1=5ですからb_1=5-3=2です。
b_{n+1}=a_{n+2}-a_{n+1}です。
b_{n+1}=2b_n-1
これは初項も2項間の関係式も、基本問題(1)と同じ形になりました。
(1)の答えを拝借して、b_n=2^{n-1}+1になります。

b_n=a_{n+1}-a_nでした。
これ、よく見ると、階差数列がb_nという事ですね
よってn\geq 2なるnに対して、
\displaystyle a_n=a_1+\sum_{k=1}^{n-1} (2^{k-1}+1)
\displaystyle a_n=3+\frac{2^{n-1}-1}{2-1}+(n-1)
\displaystyle a_n=3+2^{n-1}-1+n-1
\displaystyle a_n=2^{n-1}+n+1

これはn=1のときも\displaystyle a_1=2^{1-1}+1+1=3で成り立ちます。
全ての自然数nに対してa_n=2^{n-1}+n+1になります。

この1個ずらして差をとるという方法、必ず階差数列のような塊が出てきます
応用が利きそうですね。

また、冒頭のトライですが結果から言うと、
a_{n+1}-(n+1)-1=2(a_n-n-1)
という形にできるとb_n=a_n-n-1で答えにたどり着けます。

終わりに

「この式・・・特性方程式を解いて・・・等比数列にして・・・元に戻せば解ける!」
と、解法がスラスラ出てくると良いですね。

第n+1項と第n項の差の式を作る事が出来れば、後は和を求める事ができるかどうかです。
和を求めるのが難しい場合は、ほかの形に帰着させると良いかもしれませんね。

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