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隣接三項間の漸化式の問題の解法 | 夢を叶える塾
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隣接三項間の漸化式の問題の解法

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隣接三項間の漸化式から一般項を求める問題です。

基本問題

a_1=1,a_2=3,a_{n+2}=3a_{n+1}-2a_nの一般項a_nをnの式で表しなさい。

解き方

第n項、第n+1項、第n+2項の3つの項の間の関係式から得られる数列です。
隣接三項間と呼ばれます。

今までの漸化式の解き方をまとめると以下のようになります。

漸化式数列のタイプ
a_{n+1}=a_n+d等差数列
a_{n+1}=ra_n等比数列
a_{n+1}=a_n+f(n)f(n)が階差数列の一般項
a_{n+1}=pa_n+qpのn乗に関する項と定数項

a_{n+2}=2a_{n+1}-a_nはどれかのタイプになりそうですかね?
なるとすればまずn+2,n+1,nという3つではなく、n+1,nの2つに式を変えたいですね

ここからしばらく証明的な内容になります。
なぜそうなるのか?という興味のある方だけクリックしてお読みください。

解法の要点だけおさらいしておきます。
隣接三項間の漸化式
pa_{n+2}+qa_{n+1}+ra_n=0
に対して隣接三項間の特性方程式
pv^2+qv+r=0
の解v_1,v_2を使って漸化式は
\displaystyle a_{n+2}-v_1a_{n+1}=v_2(a_{n+1}-v_1a_n)
\displaystyle a_{n+2}-v_2a_{n+1}=v_1(a_{n+1}-v_2a_n)
の2通りに表すことができます。

解説

a_1=1,a_2=3,a_{n+2}=3a_{n+1}-2a_nの一般項a_nをnの式で表しなさい。

解いていきましょう。
まず漸化式を、
a_{n+2}-3a_{n+1}+2a_n=0
に変形します。

  • v^2の係数がa_{n+2}の係数
  • vの係数がa_{n+1}の係数
  • 1の係数がa_{n}の係数

の二次方程式の解を求めるんでしたね。
これはa_{n+2} \rightarrow v^2,a_{n+1} \rightarrow v,a_n \rightarrow 1という置き換えで同じことができます。

v^2-3v+2=0
(v-2)(v-1)=0
という事でv=2,1です。

b_n=a_{n+1}-va_n
と変形すると隣接三項間を隣接二項間に変形できます。

v=2を使ってb_{n}=a_{n+1}-2a_nから求める
b_{n}=a_{n+1}-2a_n
b_{n+1}=a_{n+2}-2a_{n+1}
b_1=a_2-2a_1=3-2=1
これを使って元の漸化式a_{n+2}-3a_{n+1}+2a_n=0を変形します
a_{n+2},a_nの係数に着目すると、
b_{n+1}-b_n=0
となるはずです。
特性方程式から求めたvから作ったb_nの式なので、a_{n+1}は必ず消えます
※公式から解の2をa_nの係数として使ったので、残りの解の1をb_nの係数として使って書くこともできます。
※公式を覚えていればそれで構いません。
b_{n+1}=b_n
ですからこの数列\{b_n\}は常に一定であることがわかりました。
a_{n+1}=2a_n+1が得られます。
これは等比数列と定数項の和になる漸化式です。

特性方程式x=2x+1からx=-1を使って
a_{n+1}+1=2(a_n+1)が得られます。
c_n=a_n+1とするとc_1=a_1+1=1+1=2
c_{n+1}=2c_n
なのでc_nは初項2、公比2の等比数列です。
c_n=2\cdot 2^{n-1}
a_n+1=2^n
a_n=2^n-1

v=1を使ってb_{n}=a_{n+1}-a_nから求める
b_{n}=a_{n+1}-a_n
b_{n+1}=a_{n+2}-a_{n+1}
b_1=a_2-a_1=3-1=2
これを使って元の漸化式a_{n+2}-3a_{n+1}+2a_n=0を変形します
a_{n+2},a_nの係数に着目すると、
b_{n+1}-2b_n=0
となるはずです。
やはり特性方程式から求めたvから作ったb_nの式なので、a_{n+1}は必ず消えます
b_{n+1}=2b_n
ですからこの数列\{b_n\}は初項2,公比2の等比数列になります。
b_n=2\cdot 2^{n-1}となります。
a_{n+1}-a_n=2\cdot 2^{n-1}が得られます。
これは階差数列から求める漸化式の問題です。

よってn\geq 2なるnに対して、
\displaystyle a_n=a_1+\sum_{k=1}^{n-1} 2\cdot 2^{k-1}
\displaystyle a_n=1+2\frac{2^{n-1}-1}{2-1}
\displaystyle a_n=1+2\cdot 2^{n-1}-2
\displaystyle a_n=2^n-1

v=2,v=1両方から求める
v=2からはa_{n+1}=2a_n+1が得られました。
v=1からはa_{n+1}-a_n=2\cdot 2^{n-1}が得られました。
上記ではこれらのいずれかの漸化式のみを使ってa_n求めていきました。
でも、a_{n+1},a_nの式が2つあればa_nを求める事ができますね
連立方程式の考え方です。

これらの差をとるとa_{n+1}が消えます。
a_{n+1}-(a_{n+1}-a_n)=2a_n+1-2\cdot 2^{n-1}
a_n-2a_n=1-2^n
-a_n=1-2^n
a_n=2^n-1

いくつかの解き方を紹介しました。
どの解き方もできると良いですね
特に、特性方程式が重解のときは式が1つしか出ません。
式1つからでも隣接二項間の手法でしっかり求める事ができるようになっておきましょう。

終わりに

隣接三項間は隣接二項間に変形する事を考えましょう。
隣接二項間は4種のいずれかに帰着させましょう。
基本的には、この2ステップで解けるはずです!

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