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因数分解の解法まとめ | 夢を叶える塾
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因数分解の問題の解法まとめ

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因数分解は中学3年生から始まり、高校2年生まで少しずつ高度な因数分解が解けるようになっていきます。
各単元で方程式を解く際に因数分解を使うことができますので、因数分解は数学の問題を解く上での基盤となります。
因数分解に関わる内容をまとめておきたいと思います。

基本

因数分解はx^2-x-12=(x+3)(x-4)の様に、2次式の多項式を1次式の多項式に分解する事から始まりました。
数学では等式で結ぶ式が同じ値になるように、計算や式の変形を進めます。
因数分解はその式を変形する手法の1つです
和の形で表された多項式を、次数の少ない多項式、単項式の積に分解する変形です

では、なぜこのような式変形が重要なのか?

1つは方程式の解を求めることができるという点ですね。
和の形で表された多項式を、多項式・単項式の積に分解するという事がとても意味ある事なんですね。
x^2-x-12=0を因数分解して(x+3)(x-4)=0となります。
(x+3)(x-4)=0となるためにはx+3=0,x-4=0であれば良いですね。
積に分解することで、方程式を解く事ができるようになるわけです。

もう1つは素因数分解したような形ですから倍数がわかりやすい形であるという点すね。
xが整数のとき、x^2-x-12が3の倍数になるという場合、どういう条件になるか?
このままではわかりませんが「倍数」なので、積で表したいですね。
積で表す方法が因数分解です。
x^2-x-12=(x+3)(x-4)でした。
この形であれば、3の倍数の条件がわかりますね。
(x+3)が3の倍数か、(x-4)が3の倍数かですね。

因数分解の方法

係数に着目して連立方程式を解く

等式の左辺と右辺が等しくなるよう、係数を決めるわけです
これって厳密には数Ⅱの恒等式の考え方になると思います。
「たすき掛け」等はこの方法ですね。

x^2-x-12=(x-a)(x-b)に因数分解できたとすると、(x-a)(x-b)=x^2-(a+b)x+abなので
-(a+b)=-1,ab=-12
この連立方程式を解けばa,bがわかり因数分解することができますね。

因数定理を使う

因数定理を使って、適当な値を代入し0になる値を使って因数分解することができます
詳しくは高次多項式の因数分解の解法をご参照ください。

x^2-x-12x=4を代入すると、16-4-12=0なので因数定理よりx-4を因数に持ちます。
x^2-x-12(x-4)で割ってx^2-x-12=(x+3)(x-4)
整式の除算を使わなくとも、因数の候補が分かれば因数分解は容易いですね。
x=-3を代入して(x+3)も因数であることがわかればx^2-x-12=(x+3)(x-4)とできますしね。

ちなみに、解の公式を使って無理やり解を求め、因数定理により因数分解するという強硬手段も取れます。

公式を使う

公式に当てはめて因数分解を行う事もできます
a^3\pm b^3位は覚えておけるといいですね。

2次の公式は
a^2-b^2=(a+b)(a-b)
a^2+2ab+b^2=(a+b)^2
a^2-2ab+b^2=(a-b)^2
3次の公式は
a^3+b^3=(a+b)(a^2-ab+b^2)
a^3-b^3=(a-b)(a^2+ab+b^2)
a^3+3a^2b+3ab^2+b^3=(a+b)^3
a^3-3a^2b+3ab^2-b^3=(a-b)^3
これを当てはめることができれば公式で求める事もできますね。

例えばx^2-4y^2に公式を使って因数分解しましょう。
x^2-4y^2=x^2-(2y)^2=(x-(2y))(x+(2y))=(x-2y)(x+2y)
ですね。
他にもx^3-8y^3に公式を使って因数分解しましょう。
x^3-8y^3=x^3-(2y)^3=(x-(2y))(x^2+x(2y)+(2y)^2)=(x-2y)(x^2+2xy+4y^2)
ですね。

複数回に分けて因数分解する

一度に因数分解するのが困難な場合、複数回に分けると因数分解がしやすい場合がありますね。
詳しくは因数分解の解法をご参照ください。

x^2-xy-2y^2-3y-1=x^2-yx-(2y^2+3y+1)=x^2-yx-(2y+1)(y+1)=(x-2y-1)(x+y+1)
abc+ab+bc+ca+a+b+c+1=a(bc+b+c+1)+(bc+b+c+1)=(a+1)(bc+b+c+1)=(a+1)(b+1)(c+1)

その他

文字を置換して因数分解する方法もありますね。
公式を少し複雑化した(a+b+c)^2,(a+b+c)^3等を覚えたりしましたね。
後は、次数に着目して式の次数がどのような形になるか推測するという方法もありますね。
次数に着目して因数分解する方法の例は因数分解の解法をご参照ください。

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