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極限の問題の解法 | 夢を叶える塾
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極限の問題の解法

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極限を求める問題全般に言える解法です。

基本問題

(1)次の関数の極限値を求めなさい。
\displaystyle \lim_{x \to 1} \frac{x^2+x-2}{x^2-1}
(2)第n項が次の式で表される数列の極限値を求めなさい。
\displaystyle a_n=\frac{n^2+n+1}{n^3+n^2+n+1}
(3)第n項が次の式で表される数列の極限値を求めなさい。
\displaystyle a_n=\left(\frac{3}{2}\right)^n-\left(\frac{4}{3}\right)^n

解き方

極限の問題の基本となるポイントは不定形をいかに処理するかです。

  1. 不定形\displaystyle \frac{0}{0}因数分解して約分ができないか
  2. 不定形\displaystyle \frac{\infty}{\infty}分母の最高次数の項で分母分子を割る
  3. 不定形\displaystyle \infty-\inftyは無理やりくくって\infty \times 有理数を目指す

これができて次の応用問題にステップアップできます。

解説

(1)\displaystyle \lim_{x \to 1} \frac{x^2+x-2}{x^2-1}
\displaystyle x \to 1としてみると不定形\displaystyle \frac{0}{0}になります。
不定形\displaystyle \frac{0}{0}因数分解して約分ができないか」ですね。

\displaystyle \lim_{x \to 1} \frac{x^2+x-2}{x^2-1}
因数定理よりx-1で因数分解できるはずです。
\displaystyle =\lim_{x \to 1} \frac{(x-1)(x+2)}{(x-1)(x+1)}
\displaystyle =\lim_{x \to 1} \frac{x+2}{x+1}
\displaystyle =\frac{3}{2}

よって\displaystyle =\frac{3}{2}に収束します。

(2)\displaystyle a_n=\frac{n^2+n+1}{n^3+n^2+n+1}
\lim_{n \to \infty}としてみると不定形\displaystyle \frac{\infty}{\infty}になります。
不定形\displaystyle \frac{\infty}{\infty}分母の最高次数の項で分母分子を割る」ですね。

\displaystyle \lim_{n \to \infty}a_n=\lim_{n \to \infty} \frac{n^2+n+1}{n^3+n^2+n+1}
分母の最高次数のn^3で割ります。
\displaystyle =\lim_{n \to \infty}\frac{\frac{1}{n}+\frac{1}{n^2}+\frac{1}{n^3}}{1+\frac{1}{n}+\frac{1}{n^2}+\frac{1}{n^3}}
\displaystyle =\frac{0+0+0}{1+0+0+0}=0

よって0に収束します。

(3)\displaystyle a_n=\left(\frac{3}{2}\right)^n-\left(\frac{4}{3}\right)^n
\lim_{n \to \infty}としてみると不定形\displaystyle \infty-\inftyになります。
不定形\displaystyle \infty-\inftyは無理やりくくって\infty \times 有理数を目指す」ですね。

\displaystyle \lim_{n \to \infty}a_n=\lim_{n \to \infty}\left(\frac{3}{2}\right)^n-\left(\frac{4}{3}\right)^n
\displaystyle =\lim_{n \to \infty} \left(\frac{3}{2}\right)^n\left(1-\left(\frac{3}{2}\right)^{-n}\left(\frac{4}{3}\right)^n\right)
\displaystyle =\lim_{n \to \infty} \left(\frac{3}{2}\right)^n\left(1-\left(\frac{2}{3}\right)^n\left(\frac{4}{3}\right)^n\right)
\displaystyle =\lim_{n \to \infty} \left(\frac{3}{2}\right)^n\left(1-\left(\frac{8}{9}\right)^n\right)
\displaystyle =\infty (1-0)
\displaystyle =\infty

よって収束しません。

応用問題

次の関数の極限値を求めなさい。
\displaystyle \lim_{x \to 0} (2^{\frac{1}{x}}+3^{\frac{1}{x}})^x

解き方

そのままでは求める事が難しい極限ははさみうちの原理が使えないか考えてみましょう

解説

\displaystyle \lim_{x \to 0} (2^{\frac{1}{x}}+3^{\frac{1}{x}})^x
まずそのまま\displaystyle \lim_{x \to 0} としても\displaystyle \frac{1}{x}等があり、そのままでは計算できません。
また、不定形としても\infty^0というタイプは大きくなるのか小さくなるのかわかりません

和や差のときは無理やりくくる手法が有効な場合があります
無理やりくくっていきましょう。
\displaystyle (2^{\frac{1}{x}}+3^{\frac{1}{x}})^x
\displaystyle =\left(3^{\frac{1}{x}}\left(\left(\frac{2}{3}\right)^{\frac{1}{x}}+1\right)\right)^x
\displaystyle =3\left(\left(\frac{2}{3}\right)^{\frac{1}{x}}+1\right)^x
なんとなくこの辺で収束が見えてきていますよね。
せっかくなのではさみうちの原理を使って解いていきましょう。

確実に求めるためには大きくなるのか小さくなるのかわからない状況を回避したいんですね
x乗であれば底が有限の値であれば収束しますよね。
なので、ここでは底となっている\displaystyle \left(\frac{2}{3}\right)^{\frac{1}{x}}+1に、有限の世界に降りてきていただきます

ここで\displaystyle \left(\frac{2}{3}\right)^{\frac{1}{x}}+1をはさみうちします。
\displaystyle \left(\frac{2}{3}\right)^{x}の指数関数は右肩下がりです。
\displaystyle 1 <xであれば\displaystyle 0 < \left(\frac{2}{3}\right)^{x} < 1になります。

\displaystyle x \to 0を考えるので\displaystyle 1 <\frac{1}{x}と考えて良いでしょう。
\displaystyle 0<\left(\frac{2}{3}\right)^{\frac{1}{x}}<1になります。
更に1を加えて\displaystyle 1<\left(\frac{2}{3}\right)^{\frac{1}{x}}+1<2になります。

\displaystyle x \to +0のときは0<x<1と考えて良いでしょう。
\displaystyle 1<\left(\frac{2}{3}\right)^{\frac{1}{x}}+1<2x乗すると、底が正のもので正の数の指数をとっているので大小関係はそのままです。
\displaystyle 1^x<\left(\left(\frac{2}{3}\right)^{\frac{1}{x}}+1\right)^x<2^x
\displaystyle x \to +0して\displaystyle 1 \leq \left(\left(\frac{2}{3}\right)^{\frac{1}{x}}+1\right)^x\leq 1
はさみうちの原理より\displaystyle \left(\left(\frac{2}{3}\right)^{\frac{1}{x}}+1\right)^x=1

\displaystyle x \to -0のときは-1<x<0と考えて良いでしょう。
\displaystyle 1<\left(\frac{2}{3}\right)^{\frac{1}{x}}+1<2x乗すると、底が正のもので負の数の指数をとっているので大小関係は反転します。
\displaystyle 2^x<\left(\left(\frac{2}{3}\right)^{\frac{1}{x}}+1\right)^x<1^x
\displaystyle x \to -0して\displaystyle 1 \leq \left(\left(\frac{2}{3}\right)^{\frac{1}{x}}+1\right)^x\leq 1
はさみうちの原理より\displaystyle \left(\left(\frac{2}{3}\right)^{\frac{1}{x}}+1\right)^x=1

はさみうちの原理を使った結果を用いて極限の計算を進めます。
\displaystyle \lim_{x \to 0}(2^{\frac{1}{x}}+3^{\frac{1}{x}})^x
\displaystyle =\lim_{x \to 0}3\left(\left(\frac{2}{3}\right)^{\frac{1}{x}}+1\right)^x
\displaystyle =3

終わりに

数列の極限、無限級数、関数の極限のそれぞれの定義がわかれば後は計算です。
基本的な方針は基本問題のとおりです。
通用しない場合、はさみうちの原理を使ってみてください。

補足

添削中に別にはさみうちしなくてもいいじゃんって、気が付きました。
あまりいい例でなくてすみません。

言い訳ですが、数式見ていないので中々気付けないんです。
自作の問題をパソコンでタイピングして解きならが記事を書いています。
文章はこんな感じ

作成中はこんな感じで数式が見えんとです・・・。

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