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指数方程式の解法 | 夢を叶える塾
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指数方程式の問題の解法

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指数関数の性質を利用して方程式の解を求める問題です。

基本問題

次の方程式の解を求めなさい。
(1)2^{x+2}=16
(2)2\cdot 3^x+3^{2x}=15
(3)4^x-2^y=\sqrt{2},4^{x+y}=4\sqrt{2}

解き方

指数の問題は底を合わせると解きやすくなります。
また、t=a^x等で置換すると方程式や二次方程式に帰着できる問題も多いので活用しましょう。

解説

(1)2^{x+2}=16
解き方にありますが、底を合わせましょう。
右辺も2の何とか乗で表すという事ですね。
16=2^4
ですから問題の方程式は、
2^{x+2}=2^4
となります。
指数部分に着目し、x+2=4ですから、x=2になります。

(2)2\cdot 3^x+3^{2x}=15
t=3^xで置換してみましょう。
2\cdot (3^x)+(3^x)^2=15
2t+t^2=15
二次方程式ですね。
t^2+2t-15=0
(t-3)(t+5)=0
t=3,-5

ここで一点だけ注意すべき点があります。
t=3^xで置換したので、0< tとなります
従ってt=3すなわち3^x=3^1となり、x=1が答えです。

なお、置き換え等しなくても同じ変形ができます。
2\cdot 3^x+3^{2x}=15
(3^x)^2+2\cdot 3^x-15=0
(3^x-3)(3^x+5)=0
3^x=3,-5
y=3^xのグラフは常に正ですね。
3^x=3となるxが解になります。
こういう変形をやっていたわけですね。
ただ、文字を置換したほうが指数を書く手間が減るので楽になると思います。

(3)4^x-2^y=\sqrt{2},4^{x+y}=4\sqrt{2}
連立方程式です。
まず底がバラバラですが、底が揃えば指数の計算ができるのでそろえておきましょう。
4^x=(2^2)^x=2^{2x}
4^{x+y}=(2^2)^{x+y}=2^{2(x+y)}=2^{2x+2y}
4\sqrt{2}=2^2\cdot 2^{\frac{1}{2}}=2^{2+\frac{1}{2}}=2^{\frac{5}{2}}
\displaystyle 2^{2x}-2^y=2^{\frac{1}{2}},2^{2x+2y}=2^{\frac{5}{2}}

では、s=2^x,t=2^yで置換してみましょう。
\displaystyle s^2-t=2^{\frac{1}{2}}・・・①
\displaystyle s^2t^2=2^{\frac{5}{2}}・・・②
連立方程式の基本は文字を消すことです。
s^2が2つの式にいますね。
連立方程式を解く上でこれを使わない手は無いのでs^2に消えていただきましょう。
※ちなみにtでも解を求める事はできますが、2乗を計算することになって少し面倒です。

①より
\displaystyle s^2=t+2^{\frac{1}{2}}
これを②に代入して、
\displaystyle (t+2^{\frac{1}{2}})t^2=2^{\frac{5}{2}}
\displaystyle t^3+2^{\frac{1}{2}}t^2-2^{\frac{5}{2}}=0

3次の因数分解を解きましょう。
高次方程式の解き方は高次多項式の因数分解の問題の解法も必要に応じてご参照ください。
この方程式は2^{\frac{1}{2}}が含まれているので、解にもそのような形が含まれている可能性が高いです。
\displaystyle t=2^{\frac{1}{2}}を代入すると
\displaystyle 2^{\frac{3}{2}}+2^{\frac{1}{2}}2^{\frac{2}{2}}-2^{\frac{5}{2}}
\displaystyle 2^{\frac{3}{2}}+2^{\frac{3}{2}}-2^{\frac{5}{2}}
\displaystyle 2\cdot 2^{\frac{3}{2}}-2^{\frac{5}{2}}
\displaystyle 2^{\frac{3}{2}+1}-2^{\frac{5}{2}}
\displaystyle 2^{\frac{5}{2}}-2^{\frac{5}{2}}=0
という事で\displaystyle (t-2^{\frac{1}{2}})を因数に持ちますね。
\displaystyle t^3+2^{\frac{1}{2}}t^2-2^{\frac{5}{2}}=0
\displaystyle (t-2^{\frac{1}{2}})(t^2+2^{\frac{3}{2}}t+4)=0
2次の因数\displaystyle (t^2+2^{\frac{3}{2}}t+4)は判別式が負になるので解は\displaystyle t=2^{\frac{1}{2}}だけですね。

tが求められたので、sも求めましょう。
\displaystyle s^2t^2=2^{\frac{5}{2}}に先程求めた\displaystyle t=2^{\frac{1}{2}}代入してみます。
\displaystyle s^2(2^{\frac{1}{2}})^2=2^{\frac{5}{2}}
\displaystyle 2s^2=2^{\frac{5}{2}}
\displaystyle s^2=2^{\frac{3}{2}}
\displaystyle s=\pm 2^{\frac{3}{4}}
s=2^x,t=2^yで置換したので、0< s,0< tとなる点に注意でした
\displaystyle s=2^{\frac{3}{4}}

あと少しで解ですね。
s=2^x,t=2^yでした。
これに\displaystyle t=2^{\frac{1}{2}}\displaystyle s=2^{\frac{3}{4}}を代入します。
\displaystyle 2^x=2^{\frac{3}{4}},2^y=2^{\frac{1}{2}}
これを解いて、解は\displaystyle x=\frac{3}{4},y=\frac{1}{2}になります。

本質的には変わりませんが、少し違った解き方も紹介します。
(3)4^x-2^y=\sqrt{2},4^{x+y}=4\sqrt{2}
4^{x+y}=4\sqrt{2}から指数部分に着目すると、\displaystyle 2(x+y)=\frac{5}{2}となります。
これを変形して、
\displaystyle x+y=\frac{5}{4}
\displaystyle x=\frac{5}{4}-y
となります。

これを4^x-2^y=\sqrt{2}に代入します。
4^{\frac{5}{4}-y}-2^y=\sqrt{2}
\displaystyle 2^{\frac{5}{2}-2y}-2^y=2^{\frac{1}{2}}
\displaystyle 2^{\frac{5}{2}}\cdot 2^{-2y}-2^y=2^{\frac{1}{2}}
t=2^yで置換します。
\displaystyle 2^{\frac{5}{2}}t^{-2}-t=2^{\frac{1}{2}}
\displaystyle 2^{\frac{5}{2}}-t^3=2^{\frac{1}{2}}t^2
\displaystyle t^3+2^{\frac{1}{2}}t^2-2^{\frac{5}{2}}=0
ここからは一緒ですね。

終わりに

底をそろえる、t=a^xで置換する、その時0<tを忘れない、という点がポイントですね。

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