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二次関数のまとめ | 夢を叶える塾
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二次関数のまとめ

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数学に関する投稿の第7回目です。
こちらは単元のポイントなどをまとめた記事になります。

二次関数の特徴

中学生の段階では、y=ax^2として出てきました。
原点を通る放物線です。
この放物線をx方向、y方向に移動したものを扱います。
高校数学で扱う関数を理解する上で、二次関数は導入的な単元になります。
一方で、二次関数に関連する性質は色々な場面で用いられます。
・二次不等式
・判別式を使った問題
・各種関数や、最大値、最小値の問題との組み合わせ
等々。

何がうれしいのか

まず、関数という概念を理解するうえで役に立つと思います。
そして最大値や最小値、判別式といった、高校数学の問題で重要な考えを理解することができます。
また、関数の式がグラフで視覚的にイメージしやすくなり、問題を解く手掛かりになります。

平方完成

二次関数はy=ax^2+bx+cと、3つ変数が決まると一つの関数が決まります。
式を変形すると、y=a(x-p)^2+qという形に変形することができます。
この変形を平方完成と言いますが、この変形によって二次関数の頂点と軸がわかります。

最大値、最小値

二次関数を平方完成すると二乗の係数aと頂点と軸がわかります。
この3つの情報から定められた区間で二次関数を切り取ると、yが最大になる点と最小になる点が、
軸と区間の両端の三点を比べるとわかるようになっていると思います。
二次関数の最大値最小値の問題で難しいタイプの問題は、この軸と区間の両端のいずれかが変数になっている場合です。
その際は場合分けをして、都合の良い状態を作り出しましょう。

軸が区間の最大最小
上に凸左側区間の左端区間の右端
上に凸区間の端の遠いほう
上に凸右側区間の右端区間の左端
下に凸左側区間の右端区間の左端
下に凸区間の端の遠いほう
下に凸右側区間の左端区間の右端

二次方程式と判別式

y=ax^2+bx+cが二次関数でした。
y=0となるxは何か?という問いに答えるためには、ax^2+bx+c=0となるxを求めることになります。
これは、二次方程式の問題になります。
数学Ⅰではこの二次方程式の解の個数を判別式を使って求める問題が出てきます。
判別式は解の公式の√部分の中身、b^2-4ac(あるいは(b/2)^2-ac)になります。
√の中身が正、すなわち判別式が正であれば解の公式から二次方程式の解が2つ得られます。
√の中身が0、すなわち判別式が0であれば解の公式から二次方程式の解が1つ得られます。
√の中身が負、すなわち判別式が負であれば二次方程式の解を得ることができません。
二次関数のグラフで見たときにはどうなっているか確認してみましょう。
y=ax^2+bx+cを平方完成すると、y=a(x+b/2a)^2-(b^2-4ac)/4aとなります。
a>0のとき下に凸のグラフになりますが、(b^2-4ac)が正のとき、頂点のy座標は分母分子が正なので正になります。
つまり下に凸のグラフがx軸の上側に頂点を持っています。
したがって、放物線はx軸を通る放物線になります。
これはax^2+bx+c=0なるxが存在するという事になります。
「二次関数のグラフがx軸と交わるかどうか」と「二次方程式が解を持つかどうか」という事は同じ事であり、判別式によって答えを得ることができます。

グラフの交点

y=ax^2+bx+cとy=ax+bの交点は、二つの関数をともに満たすx,yの組み合わせです。
つまり二式の連立方程式の解になっています。
二式の連立方程式を解くためには、連立方程式の代入法、加減法でyを消去すれば良いのですが、xの二次方程式が残ります。
この二次方程式の解は、やはり判別式によって解の個数がわかります。
つまり、グラフの交点の個数も判別式を用いて計算で導くことができます。

まとめ

演習問題では正答率8割以上を目指したいところです。
平方完成を確実に行えるようにし、グラフの概要を描くことで得点につながりやすくなります。
さらに、二次関数の中に不確定要素の変数が入っている場合は、変数の値によってグラフが大きく変わるポイントを見極めて場合分けを使いましょう。

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