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二重根号の解法 | 夢を叶える塾
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二重根号の問題の解法

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二重根号を外す問題です。

他であまり出てこないので忘れがちです。

基本問題

次の式の二重根号を外して高々一重の根号で表しなさい
(1)\displaystyle \sqrt{10+2\sqrt{21}}
(2)\displaystyle \sqrt{19-8\sqrt{3}}
(3)\displaystyle \sqrt{4+\sqrt{15}}

解き方

まず二重根号ですが、根号の中に根号が入っているものを言います。
二重根号を外すとは、根号の中に根号が無い状態に値を変えずに変形する事を言います。

外し方は外側の根号の中で二乗を作ります。
\sqrt{(A)^2}※Aは根号を含んだ数の多項式
という形を作る、という事です。
こうなれば
\sqrt{(A)^2}=|A|
という変形ができますね。

二乗を作るために内側の根号内の素因数分解の結果を使います。
具体的な解き方は解説をご参照ください。

解説

(1)\displaystyle \sqrt{10+2\sqrt{21}}
内側の根号の係数が2の一番解きやすいパターンです。

問題の前に、二重根号が外れるときの事を考えてみましょう。
これは外側の根号が外れるという事なので、
\sqrt{(A)^2}=|A|
というように、何かの二乗で掛けたときです。
絶対値を忘れないでくださいね。

外側の根号の中には根号と整数がありますね。
今回の問題では10,2\sqrt{21}があります。
根号と整数が二乗の形に掛けるとすれば?
(\sqrt{a}+\sqrt{b})^2
というように、少なくとも単項式の一つは根号を含んだ2数以上の和の形をしているはずです。
(ちょっと表現しにくいのですが伝わっていることを祈ります)

この二乗を展開すると、どのように式変形すれば二乗になるかの検討が付きますので一度展開してみます。
(\sqrt{a}\pm\sqrt{b})^2=a+b\pm 2\sqrt{a\cdot b}
なので、内側の根号の係数が2で、さらに根号内を素因数分解した数の和が整数として表れていると、根号が外せます。
内側の根号の係数が2で一番解きやすいパターンだというのはこのためです。
この後に続く実際の問題の数を使った解説と照らし合わせて見てください。

前置きが長くなりましたが、問題を解き始めます。
内側の係数が2なので後は素因数分解した結果を2つの数に分けて、その和になってれば良いですね。
内の素因数分解をします。
21=3\cdot 7ですね。
素因数分解した結果を2つの数に分けて、その和が整数部分の10になるものを探します。
3\cdot 7+1=22
3+ 7=10
整数部分は2つ目の3+7=10になっています。
(\sqrt{a}+\sqrt{b})^2a=3,b=7のとき、10+2\sqrt{21}になります。

\displaystyle \sqrt{10+2\sqrt{21}}=\sqrt{3+7+2\sqrt{3\cdot 7}}
\displaystyle =\sqrt{(\sqrt{3}+\sqrt{7})^2}
\displaystyle =|\sqrt{3}+\sqrt{7}|
=\sqrt{3}+\sqrt{7}
答えです。

(2)\displaystyle \sqrt{19-8\sqrt{3}}
続いて内側の根号の係数がマイナスで、2でも無いのパターンです。

マイナスは置いておいて、少なくとも8には2になっていただきます
\displaystyle \sqrt{19-8\sqrt{3}}=\sqrt{19-2\cdot 4\sqrt{3}}=\sqrt{19-2\sqrt{16\cdot 3}}
=\sqrt{19-2\sqrt{2^4\cdot 3}}
内側の根号の中の素因数分解が3つ以上の素数の積だとどの組合せだろうかとワクワクしますね。

後は素因数分解した結果を2つの数に分けて、その和になってれば良いですね。
2^4\cdot 3+1=48+1=49
2^3\cdot 3+2=24+2=26
2^4+3=16+3=19
2^2\cdot 3+2^2=12+4=16
2^3+2\cdot 3=8+6=14
という事で2^4+3=16+3=19の組み合わせです。

とりあえずどちらにマイナスをつけても良いので2つの数の平方根の差の二乗にして変形します。
\displaystyle \sqrt{19-8\sqrt{3}}=\sqrt{(\sqrt{16}-\sqrt{3})^2}=|\sqrt{16}-\sqrt{3}|
=4-\sqrt{3}
答えですが、負にならないように注意してくださいね。

(3)\displaystyle \sqrt{4+\sqrt{15}}
内側の根号の係数が1のパターンです。

1には2になっていただきます
\displaystyle \sqrt{4+\sqrt{15}}=\sqrt{4+frac{1}{2}\cdot 2\cdot \sqrt{15}}=\sqrt{\frac{8+2\sqrt{15}}{2}}
\displaystyle =\sqrt{\frac{8+2\sqrt{3\cdot 5}}{2}}
内側の根号の中の素因数分解が2つの素数の積だと安心しますね。

後は素因数分解した結果を2つの数に分けて、その和になってれば良いですね。
15+1=16
3+5=8
という事で3+5=8の組み合わせです。

\displaystyle \sqrt{4+\sqrt{15}}=\sqrt{\frac{(\sqrt{3}+\sqrt{5})^2}{2}}=\frac{|\sqrt{3}+\sqrt{5}|}{\sqrt{2}}
\displaystyle =\frac{\sqrt{6}+\sqrt{10}}{2}
答えです。

応用問題

次の式の二重根号を外して高々一重の根号で表しなさい
\displaystyle \sqrt{10+2\sqrt{6}-2\sqrt{10}-2\sqrt{15}}

解き方

難しそうに見えますが、基本問題よりもある意味簡単です。

解説

\displaystyle \sqrt{10+2\sqrt{6}-2\sqrt{10}-2\sqrt{15}}
内側の根号が複数あります。

明らかに内側の根号の中身は2\cdot 3,2\cdot 5,3\cdot 5という(2,3,5)の組み合わせです。
また、2+3+5=10です。

\displaystyle \sqrt{10+2\sqrt{6}-2\sqrt{10}-2\sqrt{15}}=\sqrt{(\sqrt{2}+\sqrt{3}-\sqrt{5})^2}=|\sqrt{2}+\sqrt{3}-\sqrt{5}|
\displaystyle \sqrt{2}+\sqrt{3}-\sqrt{5}

\sqrt{(\sqrt{2}+\sqrt{3}-\sqrt{5})^2}なのか\sqrt{(-\sqrt{2}-\sqrt{3}+\sqrt{5})^2}なのかどちらでも良いのです。
答えが\displaystyle \sqrt{2}+\sqrt{3}-\sqrt{5}なのか\displaystyle -\sqrt{2}-\sqrt{3}+\sqrt{5}なのかだけは気を付けてください。

終わりに

冒頭にも書きましたが、あまり出てこないので忘れがちです。
注意すべき点は外側の根号を外した後の数が正の数になるという点です。
たまに思い出して確認してみてください。

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