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式の展開と因数分解の解法 | 夢を叶える塾
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式の展開と因数分解の問題の解法

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式の展開では分配法則を使い、多項式どうしの乗法を行うことができるようになります。
因数分解は従来は式を展開していく方向でしたが、この逆を行う事になります。
これらの問題の解法になります。

基本問題

(1)3a(2a-4b)を計算しなさい
(2)(3a-2b)(2a-4b)を計算しなさい
(3)4x^2y+6xyを因数分解しなさい
(4)x^2+3x-10を因数分解しなさい
(5)2ax^3-10ax^2+12axを因数分解しなさい

解き方

(2)では分配法則を使いますが、単項式と単項式の積の組み合わせを漏れなく抽出できているか確認しましょう。
このとき単項式の数の積が分配法則の結果現れる項の数になります。
(ただし同類項をまとめると項の数が減ります)
(3),(5)等、各単項式に同じ文字や数が含まれる場合、共通因数でくくることも忘れないようにしましょう。

また、複雑になってくると符号ミスが多発します。
符号はいかなる時も注意して計算してください。
何度も式の前と後を行ったり来たりして確認しましょう。
符号のミスをするかどうかで正答率が大きく変わってきます

解説

(1)3a(2a-4b)を計算しなさい
多項式と単項式の積です。
3a(2a-4b)
=3a\cdot 2a+3a\cdot (-4b)
=6a^2-12ab
答えです。

(2)(3a-2b)(2a-4b)を計算しなさい
分配法則で漏れなく計算してください。
(3a-2b)(2a-4b)
=3a\cdot 2a +3a\cdot(-4b) -2b\cdot 2a -2b \cdot(-4b)
=6a^2 -12ab -4ab +8b^2
=6a^2-16ab+8b^2
答えです。

式の計算の問題の解法でも触れた代入して確かめる方法はもちろん有効です。
やはり計算が楽になるようなa,bを選んで代入すると良いですね。
例えば(a=1,b=1),(a=2,b=1)あたりは楽そうですね。
(3a-2b)(2a-4b)
(a=1,b=1),(3-2)(2-4)=1\cdot -2=-2
(a=2,b=1),(6-2)(4-4)=0
6a^2-16ab+8b^2
(a=1,b=1),6-16+8=-2
(a=2,b=1),6 \cdot 4-16\cdot 2+8=24-32+8=0
大丈夫そうですね。

(3)4x^2y+6xyを因数分解しなさい
共通因数がありますので共通因数でくくります。
4x^2y+6xy
=2^2x^2y+2\cdot 3xy
=2xy(2x+3)
答えです。

(4)x^2+3x-10を因数分解しなさい
因数分解の問題の中で最も基本的な形だと思います。

まず展開される前の形は(ax+b)(cx+d)の形であると推測できます。
問題の式の2次式を因数分解する場合、0次式と2次式に分解するか、1次式と1次式に分解するかのいずれかになるからです。
仮に2つの式に分解できたとして、その式がn次式とm次式だったとしましょう。
(a_1x^n+a_2x{n-1}+...+a_{n+1})(a_1\ne 0),(b_1x^m+b_2x{m-1}+...+b_{m+1})(b_1\ne 0)だとしましょう。
n次式とm次式の最大次数のx^n,x^mの係数は0ではいけません。
n次式とm次式ではなくなってしまうからです。
するとこの二つの式の積は、
a_1b_1x^{n+m}+...+a_nb_m
という項があるはずですが、元の式は2次式なので、
n+m=2
よって、0次式と2次式に分解するか、1次式と1次式に分解するかのいずれかになります。

問題に戻りましょう。
共通因数を確認すると1ですね。
という事で1次式と1次式に分解する事を考えます。

x^2,x,1の係数の1,3,-10に着目します。
仮に2つの1次式をax+b,cx+dとするならば、x^2+3x-10=(ax+b)(cx+d)=acx^2+(ad+bc)x+bdなので
a\cdot c=1
ad+bc=3
b\cdot d=-10
です。
a,b,c,dが整数であるとすると、
a=c=1もしくはa=c=-1
b=\pm 1,d=\mp 10もしくはb=\pm 2,d=\mp 5
a\ne cのときはb=\pm 5,d=\mp 2b=\pm 10,d=\mp 1も考慮する)
この中でad+bc=3となる組合せを探しましょう。

a=c=1,b=1,d=-10の場合ad+bc=1-10=-9
a=c=1,b=-1,d=10の場合ad+bc=-1+10=9
a=c=1,b=2,d=-5の場合ad+bc=2-5=-3惜しいですね。
a=c=1,b=-2,d=5の場合ad+bc=-2+5=3見つかりました。

という事で
x^2+3x-10=(x-2)(x+5)
です。

私はx^2の係数が1のときは
①定数項部分の素因数分解を行う
②足してxの係数となる数p,qを見つける
(x-p)(x-q)まで書く
p,qの符号が合うように調整する
でやっていますが、そこそこ早い自信があります。
x^2の係数が1でない場合、因数定理と判別式という概念を使っています。
これは追々解説したいと思います。

(5)2ax^3-10ax^2+12axを因数分解しなさい
まず共通因数でくくれそうなのでくくってみましょう。

2ax^3-10ax^2+12ax
=2ax(x^2-5x+6)

x^2-5x+6が2次式なのでまだ因数分解できる可能性がありますね
6=2\cdot 3,5=2+3なので、2,3を使って因数分解できそうですね。
2ax(x^2-5x+6)
=2ax(x-3)(x-2)
答えです。

「共通因数でくくる」「1次式で分解する」ができなくなるまで繰り替えすという事を忘れないでください。

終わりに

いくら各単元を理解しても、計算で間違えてしまうと得点できません。
計算で間違いがあった場合、次は絶対に間違えないよう、正しく理解するようにしてください。
あまり計算ミスという理由は使わない方が良いです。

補足メモ

因数分解で因数定理と判別式を使って判断する方法を追々解説したいと考えています。

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