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多角形の角の問題の解法 | 夢を叶える塾
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多角形の角の問題の解法

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多角形の内角の和と外角の和の性質を使った問題です。

基本問題

次の正六角形の\angle{ADB},\angle{DBC}の値を求めなさい。
多角形の角_1

解き方

n角形の内角の和は(n-2)\times 180^{\circ}になります。
n角形の外角の和は角度によらず180^{\circ}になります。

解説

次の正六角形の\angle{ADB},\angle{DBC}の値を求めなさい。
まず正六角形なので内角の和を6で割ると一つの角がわかりますね。
n角形の内角の和は(n-2)\times 180^{\circ}でした。
六角形の内角の和は(6-2)\times 180^{\circ}=4\times 180^{\circ}=720^{\circ}です。
1つの内角は720^{\circ}\div 6 =120^{\circ}です。

正六角形なので各辺の長さが等しいですね。
\triangle{BCD}BC=CDの二等辺三角形で\angle{CDB}=\angle{DBC}です。
三角形の内角の和が180^{\circ}となる性質\triangle{BCD}に使います。
\angle{BCD}+\angle{CDB}+\angle{DBC}=180^{\circ}です。
\angle{CDB}=\angle{DBC}なので\angle{DBC}で統一し、1つの内角は120^{\circ}を代入して。
120^{\circ}+\angle{DBC}+\angle{DBC}=180^{\circ}
120^{\circ}+2\angle{DBC}=180^{\circ}
2\angle{DBC}=60^{\circ}
\angle{DBC}=30^{\circ}

正六角形は左右対称なので、\angle{EDA}=\angle{ADC}となります。
1つの内角は120^{\circ}なので\angle{EDA}+\angle{ADC}=120^{\circ}です。
\angle{EDA}=\angle{ADC}=60^{\circ}になります。

\angle{ADC}=\angle{ADB}+\angle{BDC}なので、それぞれ代入します。
60^{\circ}=\angle{ADB}+30^{\circ}
\angle{ADB}=30^{\circ}

応用問題

(1)次の長方形をBCで折り曲げた図形の\angle{EGC}の値を求めなさい。
多角形の角_2
\angle{CBH}=65^{\circ}

(2)次の図形の\angle{ADB}の値を求めなさい。
多角形の角_3
\angle{ACB}=50^{\circ}
\angle{CAD}=\angle{DAB}
\angle{CBD}=\angle{DBA}

解き方

折り曲げられた問題は、折った部分の角度が等しくなっているという性質が使えます。

解説

(1)次の長方形をBCで折り曲げた図形の\angle{EGC}の値を求めなさい。
折った部分の角度が等しくなっているという性質を使って、\angle{CBH}=\angle{GBC}=65^{\circ}になります。

平行線の錯角は等しい性質より\angle{CBH}=\angle{BCG}=65^{\circ}になります。

二つの内角の和は残る角の外角に等しい性質\triangle{BCG}に使います。
\angle{EGC}=\angle{GCB}+\angle{GBC}に代入します。
\angle{EGC}=65^{\circ}+65^{\circ}
\angle{EGC}=130^{\circ}

(2)次の図形の\angle{ADB}の値を求めなさい。
数値の情報が非常に少ないですね。
埋める事の出来る角はありません。

x=\angle{ADB}とします。

三角形の内角の和が180^{\circ}となる性質\triangle{ADB}に使います。
\angle{ADB}+\angle{DBA}+\angle{DAB}=180^{\circ}になります。
x+\angle{DBA}+\angle{DAB}=180^{\circ}・・・①
中途半端な式に見えるかもしれませんが、これも重要な情報になります。
\angle{DBA}+\angle{DAB}がわかればxを求める事ができるようになるので、解答へのアプローチが増えるという利点があるからですね。

問題で与えられている\angle{CAD}+\angle{DAB},\angle{CBD}+\angle{DBA}という性質を使いたいので、\angle{CAD},\angle{CBD}の角度に着目します。
三角形の内角の和が180^{\circ}となる性質\triangle{ACB}に使いう事で新しい関係式を得ることができそうですね。
\angle{ACB}+\angle{CBA}+\angle{CAB}=180^{\circ}\angle{ACB}=50^{\circ}を代入します。
50^{\circ}+\angle{CBA}+\angle{CAB}=180^{\circ}になります。
\angle{CBA}+\angle{CAB}=130^{\circ}・・・②

\angle{CAB}=\angle{CAD}+\angle{DAB},\angle{CBA}=\angle{CBD}+\angle{DBA}です。
問題より\angle{CAD}=\angle{DAB},\angle{CBD}=\angle{DBA}でした。
\angle{CAB}=\angle{CAD}+\angle{DAB}=\angle{DAB}+\angle{DAB}=2\angle{DAB}
\angle{CBA}=\angle{CBD}+\angle{DBA}=\angle{DBA}+\angle{DBA}=2\angle{DBA}
両辺2で割って、
\displaystyle \angle{DAB}=\frac{1}{2}\angle{CAB}・・・③
\displaystyle \angle{DBA}=\frac{1}{2}\angle{CBA}・・・④
となります。

③,④は①の式と②の式をつなげる橋となります。
①で使われている\angle{DBA},\angle{DAB}と②で使われている\angle{CBA},\angle{CAB}の置き換えができるからです。
①と②の式がつながると、不明な角が無くなり、xの角度を求めることができるようになります。

③,④を①に代入します。
x+\angle{DBA}+\angle{DAB}=180^{\circ}
\displaystyle x+\frac{1}{2}\angle{CBA}+\frac{1}{2}\angle{CAB}=180^{\circ}
\displaystyle x+\frac{1}{2}(\angle{CBA}+\angle{CAB})=180^{\circ}
②の\angle{CBA}+\angle{CAB}=130^{\circ}の式を使って、
\displaystyle x+\frac{1}{2}(130^{\circ})=180^{\circ}
\displaystyle x+65^{\circ}=180^{\circ}
\displaystyle x=115^{\circ}
\angle{ADB}=115^{\circ}になります。
※2018/7/3修正しました、ご指摘ありがとうございます!

終わりに

内角の和の公式は覚えなくても対角線を引けば直ぐに導けます。
折り曲げる問題は折り曲げる前と後をイメージできると良いので、折り曲げていない長方形の図を描きましょう。
長方形を書いてから、折る線を書き、折り曲げた図を描くと、不思議ときれいに掛けると思います。

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