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命題の真偽の問題の解法 | 夢を叶える塾
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命題の真偽の問題の解法

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命題の真偽を答える問題です。

基本問題

x,yを実数とするとき、次の命題の真偽についての真偽と、偽であれば反例を答えなさい。
(1)x^2=1ならばx=1
(2)-2 < x < 2,-1 \leq y \leq 1ならば-3 \leq x+y \leq 3
(3)-2 \leq x \leq 3ならば0 \leq x^3 \leq 27
(4)-5 \leq x \leq 3,y=|x|+1ならば1 \leq y

解き方

命題の「ならば」の前の記載(条件)を仮定、後ろの記載(条件)を結論と言いました。
仮定のとりうる値が全て結論を満たすのかどうかが、命題の真偽になります。
命題が真である事に、結論の値が仮定にすべて存在する必要はありません
「真とは等しい事ではないよ」という点が間違いやすいポイントなので注意しましょう。

「仮定の条件を満たす何か」が、結論を満たしていないという場合、その「何か」が反例でした。
「結論の条件を満たす何か」が、仮定を満たしていないという場合、お咎めなしです。
それは気にしなくていいんです。

解説

最初にだけ言及しておきますが、x,yは実数って言ってますので、
(1)xが実数、かつx^2=1ならばx=1
になります。

(1)x^2=1ならばx=1
仮定を満たすxはx=1,-1ですね。
仮定を満たす何かが結論を満たしていないですね
x=-1が反例で、命題は偽になります。

(2)-2 < x < 2,-1 \leq y \leq 1ならば-3 \leq x+y \leq 3
仮定を満たすx+yはどうなるでしょう?
まず最小の値はどうなりますかね?
xは-2を含みませんがyは-1が最小ですね。
-3にはなりません。
最大値も同じく3にはなりません。
これは-3 < x+y < 3という事になります。

結論を満たす何かの中には-3,3が含まれています。
仮定を満たす何かの中には-3,3が含まれていません。
結論に含まれているけど仮定に含まれているかは「気にしなくていい」でした。

仮定を満たしていれば、結論の中に含まれているという事が言えます。
命題は真になります。

(3)-2\leq x \leq 3ならば0 \leq x^3 \leq 27
結論が何とも自分は正しいという雰囲気を醸し出しています。
y=x^2の場合はxの値によらずyが0以上になるので、正しそうに見えたりします。
ちゃんと見ていきましょう。

仮定を満たしている-2\leq x \leq 3であれば、
(-2)^3\leq x^3 \leq 3^3
-8\leq x^3 \leq 27
ですね。

仮定を満たしている-2が結論を満たしていないですね。
命題は偽になります。
反例は例えばx=-2ですね。

(4)-5 \leq x \leq 3,y=|x|+1ならば1 \leq y
仮定はxの値によらずyは1以上ですね。
xに制限があるので頭打ちになります。
結論の方も同じくyが1以上です。
こちらは頭打ちはありません。

仮定を満たしている何か達はすべて結論に含まれていますね。
命題は真にあります。

ちなみに結論に含まれているy=100は仮定からは作れません。
でもこちら側は「気にしなくていい」んです。

終わりに

命題の真偽は「等しいときが真」と思ってしまうと偽ばかりになってしまいます。
仮定を満たしている何かがすっぽり結論に含まれているかどうかです。
「正しい正しくない」は確かにそうなのですが、誤って「等しい等しくない」と勘違いしないように注意しましょう!

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