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空間図形の問題の解法 | 夢を叶える塾
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空間図形の問題の解法

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空間図形の面積と表面積の問題です。

基本問題

(1)底辺4cm、高さ3cmの三角形を底面とする高さ5cmの角柱の表面積Sと体積Vを求めなさい。
(2)1辺が6cmの四角錐が高さ4cmのとき、側面の三角形の高さは5cmになります。
表面積Sと体積Vを求めなさい。
(3)半径が4cmの円を底面とする高さ4cmの円柱の表面積Sと体積Vを求めなさい。
(4)半径が4cmの円錐が高さ3cmのとき、母線の長さは5cmになります。
表面積Sと体積Vを求めなさい。
(5)半径が4cmの球の表面積Sと体積Vを求めなさい。

解き方

それぞれの空間図形を展開図にして表面積を求めましょう。
球は\displaystyle 4\pi r^2で体積を求めることができます。

柱は底面積と高さの積で体積を求めることができます。
錐は底面積と高さの積に\displaystyle \frac{1}{3}を掛けて体積を求めることができます。
球は\displaystyle \frac{4}{3}\pi r^3で体積を求めることができます。

解説

(1)底辺4cm、高さ3cmの三角形を底面とする高さ5cmの角柱の表面積Sと体積Vを求めなさい。
展開図は、底面の三角形が2個、側面の長方形が3個できます
底面の面積は4(cm)\times 3(cm)\div 2 =6(cm)^2
側面の面積は4(cm)\times 5(cm) =20(cm)^2
S=2\times 6(cm)^2+3\times 20(cm)^2=12(cm)^2+60(cm)^2=72(cm)^2

V=4(cm)\times 3(cm)\div 2 \times 5(cm)=30(cm^3)

(2)1辺が6cmの四角錐が高さ4cmのとき、側面の三角形の高さは5cmになります。
表面積Sと体積Vを求めなさい。

展開図は、底面の四角形が1個、側面の三角形が4個できます
底面の面積は6(cm)\times 6(cm) =36(cm)^2
側面の面積は6(cm)\times 5(cm) \div 2=15(cm)^2
S= 36(cm)^2+4\times 15(cm)^2=36(cm)^2+60(cm)^2=96(cm)^2

\displaystyle V=6(cm)\times 6(cm) \times 4(cm)\times \frac{1}{3}=48(cm^3)

(3)半径が4cmの円を底面とする高さ4cmの円柱の表面積Sと体積Vを求めなさい。
展開図は、底面の円が2個、側面の長方形が1個できます
長方形の縦は高さの4cmです。
横の長さを求める必要があります。

元々この側面は底面の円とくっついていました
横の長さは底面の円周と一致します。
(トイレットペーパーの芯で考えてみましょう)
つまり8\time \pi(cm)=8\pi(cm)です。

底面の面積は4(cm)\times 4(cm) \times \pi =16\pi(cm)^2
側面の面積は8\pi(cm)\times 4(cm) =32\pi(cm)^2
S=2\times 16\pi(cm)^2+32(cm)^2=32\pi(cm)^2+32\pi(cm)^2=64\pi(cm)^2

V=4(cm)\times 4(cm) \times \pi \times 4(cm)=64\pi(cm^3)

(4)半径が4cmの円錐が高さ3cmのとき、母線の長さは5cmになります。
表面積Sと体積Vを求めなさい。

展開図は、底面の円が1個、側面の扇形が1個できます
扇形の中心角を求める必要があります。

元々この側面は底面の円とくっついていました
扇形の弧の長さは、底面の円周と一致します。
(クラッカーで考えてみましょう)
つまり8\time \pi(cm)=8\pi(cm)です。

母線の長さが5cmでした。
扇形の半径は5cmです。
これが円だった場合の円周は、
10\time \pi(cm)=10\pi(cm)です。
360^{\circ}10\pi(cm)という事は、何度で8\pi(cm)になるのか?
比例式を作ればいいですね。
360^{\circ}:10\pi(cm)=a^{\circ}:8\pi(cm)のaを求めましょう。
内項の積=外項の積なので、10\pi a=360\times 8\pi(cm)となってa=288^{\circ}です。

底面の面積は4(cm)\times 4(cm)\times \pi =16\pi(cm)^2
側面の面積は\displaystyle 5(cm)\times 5(cm)\times \pi\times \frac{288^{\circ}}{360^{\circ}}=25\pi \times 8\div 10=20\pi(cm)^2
S= 16\pi(cm)^2+20\pi(cm)^2=36\pi(cm)^2

\displaystyle V=4(cm)\times 4(cm) \times \pi \times 3(cm)\times \frac{1}{3}=16\pi(cm^3)

(5)半径が4cmの球の表面積Sと体積Vを求めなさい。
公式を使いましょう。
S= 4\times \pi \times 4(cm)\times 4(cm)=64\pi(cm)^2
\displaystyle V=\frac{4}{3}\pi 4(cm) \times 4(cm) \times 4(cm) =\frac{256}{3}\pi(cm^3)

応用問題

(1)次の図のABを軸に回転させた図形の体積を求めなさい。
コーン型
AB=4cm
AC=4cm

(2)(1)の図形をEF、DGで切り取った図形について、GFを軸に回転させた図形の体積を求めなさい。
回転体の体積
AB=4cm
AC=4cm
AE=1cm
AF=2cm
BG=1cm
GD=1cm

解き方

回転させると、円柱や円錐になります。
円柱や円錐の体積を面積と同じように「くりぬく」か「くっつける」かします。

解説

(1)ABを軸に回転させた図形の体積V_1を求めなさい。
これは円錐になりますね。
\displaystyle V_1=4(cm)\times 4(cm) \times \pi \times 4(cm)\times \frac{1}{3}=\frac{64}{3}\pi(cm^3)

(2)(1)の図形をEF、DGで切り取った図形について、GFを軸に回転させた図形の体積V_2を求めなさい。
回転させた図形はイメージできますか

複雑な図形の面積は「貼り合わせる」か「覆うものから切り取る」で求めました。
体積でも同じです。
(1)の円錐から\triangle{BDG}の円錐と\triangle{AEF}の円錐を切り取れば求める事ができそうですね。

\triangle{BDG}の円錐
\displaystyle V=1(cm)\times 1(cm) \times \pi \times 1(cm)\times \frac{1}{3}=\frac{1}{3}\pi(cm^3)

\triangle{AEF}の円錐
\displaystyle V=1(cm)\times 1(cm) \times \pi \times 2(cm)\times \frac{1}{3}=\frac{2}{3}\pi(cm^3)

よって、
V_2=\frac{64}{3}\pi(cm^3)-\frac{1}{3}\pi(cm^3)-\frac{2}{3}\pi(cm^3)=\frac{61}{3}\pi(cm^3)

終わりに

柱、錐、球の表面積と体積のそれぞれの求め方を解説しました。
\displaystyle \frac{1}{3}を忘れる」というのをよく耳にしますが、それは演習不足です。
簡単な図形で物足りなければ、どんどん複雑な図形に挑戦してみてください。
絶対に忘れなくなります。

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