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二次関数のグラフと交点の解法 | 夢を叶える塾
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二次関数のグラフと交点の問題の解法

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※ここでは中学数学のy=ax^2を二次関数と書かせて頂きます
二次関数y=ax^2と一次関数の交点を求める問題です。

基本問題

y=x^2y=x+2の交点を求めなさい。

解き方

交点と言えば連立方程式です。
二つの式の連立方程式を解きます。

解説

交点の前に、グラフの点とは何か思い出しましょう。
y=x^2のグラフの点は、y=x^2を満たしています。
つまりこの2つ変数x,yをもつ方程式の解ですね。
(方程式が1つに対し変数が2つあるので)方程式の解はいくつも存在します。
(-1,1),(0,0),(1,1),(2,4)全部方程式の解です。

では交点とは何か?
二つの方程式の解の「共通するもの」です。
言い換えると、「交点は2つの方程式の共通解」ですね。
さて、2つの方程式の共通解って何だったか。
そうです。
連立方程式の解です。
交点は連立方程式を解けばいいんですね。

では問題です。
y=x^2y=x+2の交点」でした。
連立方程式を解く方法は2つありました。
代入法加減法です。
二つの方法に共通するものは「片方の文字を消すこと」でした。

という事で、片方の文字を消します。
yが代入法ですぐに消えそうですね。
x+2=x^2
x^2-x-2=0
(x-2)(x+1)=0
したがって、x=2,x=-1です。
後はこれらを与えられた二次関数か一次関数に代入してy=4,1を求めて答えです。
つまり、(-1,1),(2,4)です。

答が出たら簡単にグラフを描いて確認してくださいね。
符号ミス等に気が付きやすくなりますから。
また、座標の答え方には注意しましょう。

二次関数のグラフの交点_1

応用問題

(1)y=x^2x=-1,2で交点を持つ直線の式を求めなさい。
(2)y=ax^2と点(-2,4),x=4で交点を持つ直線の式を求めなさい。

解き方

まず、二つの交点を求めます。
二つの交点を通る直線の式を求めます。

解説

(1)y=x^2x=-1,2で交点を持つ直線の式を求めなさい。
x=-1,2で交点を持つという事なので、交点を求めます。
y=x^2に代入すればいいですね。

y=(-1)^2=1なので、(-1,1)が交点の1つです。
y=2^2=4なので、(2,4)が交点の1つです。
ちなみに(1)と同じ状況ですね。
y=x+2になるのでしょう。

二次関数のグラフの交点_1

この2つの交点を通る直線を求めます。
直線の式は一次関数になりますのでy=ax+bとしましょう
そしてa,bを求めます。
交点の二点を通るので交点を代入した式を作ります。

(-1,1)を代入して
1=-a+b・・・①
(2,4)を代入して
4=2a+b・・・②
2×①+②を計算して
2+4=-2a+2a+2b+b
6=3b
b=2・・・③
③を②に代入して
4=2a+2
a=1
よって直線の式はy=x+2になります。

交点が(-1,1),(2,4)という事から直線の式を求める方法をもう1つご紹介します。
傾きと切片に着目します

(-1,1),(2,4)を通る直線の傾きはxが3増えてyが3増えるような傾きです。
傾きはxの増加量分のyの増加量でした。
つまり\displaystyle \frac{3}{3}=1です。
※分母と分子を間違えないでくださいね。
傾きは1です。

傾きが1という事はxが1増えたらyが1増えるという事です。
(-1,1)を通るという事は(-1+1,1+1)=(0,2)を通ります。
よって切片は2です。

傾きが1、切片が2の直線なのでy=x+2になります。

2つご紹介しましたが、これらを組み合わせて使っても良いですね
その時々に合わせて簡単に計算を進めることができそうな方を選ぶと良いと思います。

(2)y=ax^2と点(-2,4),x=4で交点を持つ直線の式を求めなさい。
交点を求めたいのですが、二次関数の係数がわかりません。
まずはこの係数を求めていきます。

y=ax^2は点(-2,4)を通るので、この点を代入した式を満たしています。
4=a(-2)^2=4a
a=1
よって、二次関数はy=x^2です。

x=4で交点を持つそうなので、代入して交点を求めます。
y=(4)^2=16となり、(4,16)がもう1つの交点になります。

(-2,4),(4,16)それぞれを通る直線の式を求めればいいですね。
傾きが\displaystyle \frac{12}{6}=2です。
切片は(-2+2,4+2\times 2)=(0,8)なので8です。
直線の式はy=2x+8です。

終わりに

二次関数のグラフは方程式の解になっています。
交点は二つの方程式の共通解になっています。
この2つの事から交点は連立方程式で求めるという事が導き出せます。

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