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一次不等式のまとめ | 夢を叶える塾
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一次不等式のまとめ

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数学に関する投稿の第4回目です。
こちらは単元のポイントなどをまとめた記事になります。

一次不等式の特徴

不等式の基礎になります。
不等式は色々な場面で現れます。
・関数の値域や定義域
・領域
・極限
これらを扱ううえで正しく不等式を扱える必要があります。

何がうれしいのか

実数同様、数の扱いが正しく行えるようになることでしょうか。
また、上記の通り、不等式は色々な場面で現れますので色々な場面で活躍します。

性質

性質を暗記するのではなく、正しく理解しておくことで柔軟で正確な変形ができるようになると思います。

・a<b,b<c ⇒ a<c
・a<b ⇒ a+c<b+c , a-c<b-c
・a<b,c>0 ⇒ ac<bc , a/c<b/c
・a<b,c<0 ⇒ ac>bc , a/c>b/c ☆

☆では、負の数を両辺に掛ける変形は、不等号の向きが変わることを示しています。

場合分け

不等式に限定するものではありませんが、場合分けについて理解を深めておきましょう。
場合分けのポイントは、
(1)前提条件を加え、その前提条件ごとにどうなるかを考える
(2)前提条件は元々の前提条件を覆うように分割する
場合分けする理由は、物事を簡単にするためです。
※場合分けが嫌われてしまうこともありますが、本来かなりいい奴です。
(1)のポイントの通り、前提条件を加えるわけですが、都合のいいように加えましょう。
問題には元々の前提となる条件が隠れていますが、(2)のポイントの通り、覆えるように分割しましょう。

例えば、問題が、
「|x|>2の不等式を解け」
であれば、|x|は「x>0」のとき「x」、「x<0」のとき「-x」になるので、
(i)x>0のとき
(ii)x<0のとき
と前提条件を加えることで問題が簡単になります。
これが(1)のポイントです。
次に上記は、(i)x>0、(ii)x<0としていますが、x=0の時が考えらていません。
これは、(2)のポイントに反しています。
元々、「x」は実数全体を考えています。「x=0」のときも考えてあげる必要があります。
(i)x≧0のとき
(ii)x<0のとき
と場合分けすることで解決します。

複数の不等式が出てくる場合

不等式が一つの問題の中でいくつも出てくる場合があります。
その捉え方を誤ると正答にたどり着けませんので、不等式がどのような範囲であるか理解しながら扱ってください。

例えば、問題が、
「x>-4のとき、|x|>2の不等式を解け」
であれば、前提条件(a)として「x>-4」の範囲で解答を導くことになります。
(i)x≧0のとき
前提条件(a)の「x>-4」は(i)として考えている前提条件から自然と成り立ちます。
(a)の影響を受けず「x>2」という不等式が得られます。
(ii)x<0のとき
前提条件(a)の「x>-4」が(ii)として考えている前提条件と競合します。
(a)(ii)は「0>x>-4」という共通範囲の不等式を前提条件として考えます。
この前提条件のもと、「-x>2」を解きます。
「x<-2」に変形し、「0>x>-4」の共通範囲をとりますので、「-2>x>-4」となります。
(i)(ii)は場合分けで分けていますので、それぞれを合わせた範囲の、
「x>2」もしくは「-2>x>-4」のとき
が答えになります。

まとめ

やはり基礎の単元ですので、演習問題では正答率9割以上を目指したいところです。
また、場合分けを身に着けるには良い単元になると思います。
早めに場合分けの考えを身に着けておきましょう。

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