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電離式一覧 | 夢を叶える塾
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電離式一覧

ホームページのリニューアルに伴い一部のページは新しいサイトにリダイレクトされます。

 

原子と分子の結合について、原子と分子のパズルゲームをまずご確認頂けたらと思います。
その上で電離式を見て頂けるとわかりやすいのではないかなと思います。

電離式

電離式を記号として覚えようとしても難しいと思います。
2つの要点を抑えて覚えていけると良いと思います。

電子のやり取り

塩化水素の水溶液(塩酸)は
HCl\rightarrow H^++Cl^-
の様に水素イオンと塩化物イオンに電離します。
塩素の方は電子が外側に7個で、1つもらえると8個になって安定します。
水素の方も電子が外側に1個で、1つもらえると2個になって安定します。
塩素が1つあげてしまうと6個になってバランスが悪いですね。
水素が1つあげると0個ですが、一番外側に余りが無い状態で、これはバランスが良いんですね。
そのため上記電離式のように水素の電子を塩素に移動したような状態になると理解すると良いと思います。

塩化銅は
CuCl_2\rightarrow Cu^{2+}+2Cl^-
の様に銅イオンと塩化物イオンに電離します。
係数や2+等の決め方を押さえておきましょう。
まず左辺と右辺の原子の個数を合わせます。
CuCl_2ですから、Cuが1個、Clが2個できます。
塩化物イオンのCl^-が1価の陰イオンであることは覚えましょう。
これは電子を1つ多く持っています。
Clは2個できるはずです。
なので2つ分電子を銅イオンとして頂きCu^{2+}として2価の陽イオンとすることで辻褄があります。

○○イオン

ある程度どのようなイオンとして存在するか決まっています。
そのような決まっているものは良く現れます。
こういったものは記号かもしれませんが、どんどん覚えていってしまうと良いです。
例えばH+は水素イオン、OH-は水酸化物イオンです。
酸性とアルカリ性はこれらのイオンの偏りで決まるのでこれらはまず覚えるべきイオンでしょう。

すると自然と
HCl\rightarrow H^++Cl^-
は水素イオンが出てくるはずなので、残った塩化物イオンもわかりやすいと思います。

左向きの矢印

アンケートにてご指摘いただきました!
二酸化炭素の電離式ですが、
CO_2+H_2O\rightarrow 2H^++CO_3^{2-}
としておりますが、
CO_2+H_2O\rightleftharpoons 2H^++CO_3^{2-}
ではないか?というご指摘です。

二酸化炭素はご指摘の通り、左向きの矢印を書いた方が正確です。
他にも、酢酸やアンモニアは、
CH_3COOH\rightleftharpoons H^++CH_3COO^-
NH_3+H_2O\rightleftharpoons NH_4^++OH^-
の様に書いたほうが正確です。
が、中学生では習わないでしょうから、両方を載せておくようにしたいと思います。

ありがとうございました!

電離式一覧

以下、特に全部覚える必要はないと思いますが何かの確認等でご確認頂けたらと思います。
また、電離式は必ずしも一つではなく、他の電離式になる場合もありますので、ご参考まで。

酸性

塩化水素→水素イオン+塩化物イオン
HCl\rightarrow H^++Cl^-
硫酸→水素イオン+硫酸イオン
H_2SO_4\rightarrow 2H^++SO_4^{2-}
酢酸(酢)→水素イオン+酢酸イオン
CH_3COOH\rightarrow H^++CH_3COO^-
※正確にはCH_3COOH\rightleftharpoons H^++CH_3COO^-
二酸化炭素+水→水素イオン+炭酸イオン※水を使います!
CO_2+H_2O\rightarrow 2H^++CO_3^{2-}
※正確にはCO_2+H_2O\rightleftharpoons 2H^++CO_3^{2-}
硝酸→水素イオン+硝酸イオン
HNO_3\rightarrow H^++NO_3^-
リン酸→水素イオン+リン酸イオン
H_3PO_4\rightarrow 3H^++PO_4^{3-}
※正確にはH_3PO_4\rightleftharpoons 3H^++PO_4^{3-}

アルカリ性

水酸化ナトリウム→ナトリウムイオン+水酸化物イオン
NaOH\rightarrow Na^++OH^-
水酸化バリウム→バリウムイオン+水酸化物イオン※2018/2/20訂正しました!
Ba(OH)_2\rightarrow Ba^{2+}+2OH^-
アンモニア+水→アンモニウムイオン+水酸化物イオン※水を使います!
※正確にはNH_3+H_2O\rightleftharpoons NH_4^++OH^-
NH_3+H_2O\rightarrow NH_4^++OH^-
水酸化カルシウム→カルシウムイオン+水酸化物イオン
Ca(OH)_2\rightarrow Ca^{2+}+2OH^-
水酸化カリウム→カリウムイオン+水酸化物イオン
KOH\rightarrow K^++OH^-

中性

塩化銅→銅イオン+塩化物イオン
CuCl_2\rightarrow Cu^{2+}+2Cl^-
塩化ナトリウム(食塩)→ナトリウムイオン+塩化物イオン
NaCl\rightarrow Na^++Cl^-
硝酸ナトリウム→ナトリウムイオン+硝酸イオン
NaNO_3\rightarrow Na^++NO_3^-
炭酸ナトリウム→ナトリウムイオン+炭酸イオン
Na_2CO_3\rightarrow 2Na^++CO3^{2-}
硝酸カルシウム
Ca(NO_3)_2\rightarrow Ca^{2+}+2NO_3^-
硫酸カルシウム
CaSO_4\rightarrow Ca^{2+}+SO_4^{2-}
塩化アンモニウム→アンモニウムイオン+塩化物イオン
NH_4Cl\rightarrow NH_4^++Cl^-

関連

化学反応式一覧
原子と分子のパズルゲーム

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