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円周角の定理の問題の解法 | 夢を叶える塾
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円周角の定理の問題の解法

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円周角の定理を使って角度を求める問題です。

基本問題

(1)\angle{ABC}を求めなさい。
円周角の定理_1
\angle{AOC}=160^{\circ}

(2)\angle{ACB}を求めなさい。
円周角の定理_2
\angle{ADB}=40^{\circ}

(3)\angle{ACB}を求めなさい。
円周角の定理_3
\angle{CBO}=60^{\circ},\angle{OAC}=25^{\circ}

解き方

円周角の定理を使います。

  1. 円周上の2点と一方の弧の点が作る円周角はどれも等しい
  2. 円周上の2点が作る中心角は2点の中心角側に作る円周角の2倍になる

これは「同じ弧」が作る円周角であれば2点が別の点でも定理は成り立ちます。
円周角の定理_4

弧BAと点Cを反時計回りに90度回転させた弧が個B’A’と点C’です。
回転させただけですから\angle{BCA}=\angle{B'C'A'}ですね。
B'A'の作る円周角は等しくなるので、\triangle{B'C'A'}=\triangle{B'DA'}になります。
\triangle{BCA}=\triangle{B'DA'}になります。

解説

(1)\angle{ABC}を求めなさい。
円周角の定理を使います。
ACが作る中心角\angle{AOC}はACが作る円周角\angle{ABC}の2倍になります
\angle{AOC}=2\angle{ABC}
\angle{AOC}=160^{\circ}を代入します。
160^{\circ}=2\angle{ABC}
\angle{ABC}=80^{\circ}

(2)\angle{ACB}を求めなさい。
円周角の定理を使います。
ABが作る円周角\angle{ACB}はABが作る円周角\angle{ADB}と等しくなります
\angle{ACB}=\angle{ADB}
\angle{ADB}=40^{\circ}なので、
\angle{ACB}=40^{\circ}

(3)\angle{ACB}を求めなさい。
円周角の定理を使います。
ABが作る中心角\angle{AOB}はABが作る円周角\angle{ACB}の2倍になります
\angle{AOD}=\angle{AOB}=2\angle{ACB}=2\angle{DCB}

対頂角は等しい性質より\angle{ODA}=\angle{BDC}になります。

\triangle{DCB},\triangle{ODA}内角の和は180^{\circ}なので
\angle{DCB}+\angle{CBD}+\angle{BDC}=180^{\circ}
\angle{ODA}+\angle{DAO}+\angle{AOD}=180^{\circ}
二つの式に\angle{CBO}=60^{\circ},\angle{OAC}=25^{\circ},\angle{AOD}=2\angle{DCB}を代入します。
\angle{DCB}+60^{\circ}+\angle{BDC}=180^{\circ}・・・①
\angle{BDC}+25^{\circ}+2\angle{DCB}=180^{\circ}・・・②

この連立方程式を解けば求める事ができそうですね。
②-①で\angle{BDC}に消えていただきます。
(\angle{BDC}+25^{\circ}+2\angle{DCB})-(\angle{DCB}+60^{\circ}+\angle{BDC})=0^{\circ}-35^{\circ}+\angle{DCB}=0^{\circ}
\angle{DCB}=35^{\circ}
よって、\angle{ACB}=35^{\circ}になります。

応用問題

円上の点ABCがAB=ACを満たしている。
BC上の点Dをとり、直線ADと円の交点をEとする。
AB=5,AD=2\sqrt{5}のとき、AEの長さを求めなさい。
円周角の定理_5

解き方

円周角の定理を使って相似である三角形を見つけていきます。
入試問題へのステップになる問題です。

解説

AB=5,AD=2\sqrt{5}のとき、AEの長さを求めなさい。
円周角の定理_5

まず条件である、AB=ACから\triangle{ABC}はAB=AC=5の二等辺三角形になります。
よって、\angle{ABC}=\angle{ACB}=\angle{ACD}です。

円周角の定理を使うと、弧ACが作る円周角\angle{ABC}=\angle{AEC}になります。
従って\angle{ABC}=\angle{ACD}=\angle{AEC}
\triangle{EAC}\triangle{CAD}は共通する角で等しいですね。
2つの角がそれぞれ等しいので\triangle{AEC}\triangle{ACD}相似になります。

\triangle{AEC}ACに対応する\triangle{ACD}の辺はADです。
つまりこの2つの三角形の相似比はAC:ADになります
問題より5:2\sqrt{5}です。

\triangle{AEC}AEに対応する\triangle{ACD}の辺はACです。
これが5:2\sqrt{5}になるわけですから、
AE:AC=AE:5=5:2\sqrt{5}
2\sqrt{5}AE=25
\displaystyle AE=\frac{25}{2\sqrt{5}}=\frac{5\sqrt{5}}{2}

終わりに

円周角の定理は円の内側で考える問題でよく使われます。
同じ弧からピザが出ていた時は円周角の定理が使えます。
同じ弧を見つけることがポイントです。

補足メモ

同じ弧が別の場所にある問題を応用問題で作りたい。

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