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2点間の距離の問題の解法 | 夢を叶える塾
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2点間の距離の問題の解法

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三平方の定理を使い2点間の距離を求める問題です。

基本問題

(1)2点A,B間の距離を求めなさい。
2点間の距離_1
A(1,1),B(3,4)

解き方

2点がx軸に平行な直線上にある場合はx座標の差になりますね。
y軸に平行な直線上にある場合はy座標の差です。
そうでない場合、2点間の距離を求めるときは三平方の定理の出番です。
直角三角形が無ければ作ればいい、作るときには線分の長さが求められるかどうか
x軸に平行な線、y軸に平行な線を2点を通るよう、2本ずつ引きましょう。
ABを斜辺とする直角三角形ができますね。

一応公式があります。
A=(x_a,y_a),B=(x_b,y_b)のときAB=\sqrt{(x_b-x_a)^2-(y_b-y_a)^2}
ただの三平方の定理です。

解説

(1)2点A,B間の距離を求めなさい。
2点間の距離_1

解き方のとおり直角三角形を作りましょう。
2点間の距離_2

まず線分の長さを求めておきましょう。
AC=|3-1|=2,BC=|1-4|=3
ですね。
三平方の定理より
AB^2=AC^2+BC^2
AB^2=2^2+3^2=4+9=13
AB=\pm \sqrt{13}
AB>0なのでAB=\sqrt{13}です。

応用問題

(1)\triangle{ABC}の面積をACとBHの長さを使って求めなさい。
2点間の距離_6
A(1,1),B(3,4),C(4,0)

解き方

座標から線分の長さを求めることができます。
線分の長さがわかると面積を求めることができます。
どちらも三平方の定理のおかげです。

ちなみに方法を指定されたのでその方法で解いています。
この問題の場合はACとBHから求めるよりも他の方法を使った方が計算は楽ですね。

解説

(1)\triangle{ABC}の面積を求めなさい。
2点間の距離_6

まず線分の長さを求めておきましょう。

ABは基本問題の(1)を拝借してAB=\sqrt{13}ですね。

BCは、B,Cの座標を使って
BC^2=(4-3)^2+(0-4)^2
BC^2=1+16=17
BC=\pm \sqrt{17}
BC>0なのでBC=\sqrt{17}です。

CAは、C,Aの座標を使って
CA^2=(1-4)^2+(1-0)^2
CA^2=9+1=10
CA=\pm \sqrt{10}
CA>0なのでBC=\sqrt{10}です。

3辺の長さがわかっていて、高さを求めれば面積を求める事ができる状態になりました。
三平方の定理の問題の解法の基本問題(2)で使った方法が使えそうです。

x=AHとするとHC=AC-AH=\sqrt{10}-x
\triangle{ABH}で三平方の定理を使うと、
AB^2=AH^2+BH^2
13=x^2+BH^2・・・①
\triangle{BCH}で三平方の定理を使うと、
BC^2=BH^2+CH^2
17=BH^2+(\sqrt{10}-x)^2
17=BH^2+10-2\sqrt{10}x+x^2・・・②
②-①を計算すると
17-13=10-2\sqrt{10}x
-6=-2\sqrt{10}x
\displaystyle x=\frac{3}{\sqrt{10}}
\displaystyle x=\frac{3\sqrt{10}}{10}・・・③
③を①に代入すると、
\displaystyle 13=\left(\frac{3\sqrt{10}}{10}\right)^2+BH^2
\displaystyle 13=\frac{90}{100}+BH^2
\displaystyle BH^2=13-\frac{90}{100}
\displaystyle BH^2=\frac{1300-90}{100}
\displaystyle BH^2=\frac{1210}{100}
1210=2\times 5 \times 11^2です。
BH>0なので、
\displaystyle BH=\sqrt{11\frac{10}{10}}

面積は
\displaystyle AC \times BH \div 2 =\sqrt{10} \times \frac{11\sqrt{10}}{10} \div 2=\frac{11\times 10}{10\times 2}
\displaystyle =\frac{11}{2}
になります。

面積の問題は、
「求める面積を含む図形から不要な部分を切り取る方法」
2点間の距離_4

「いくつかに分解して足す方法」
2点間の距離_5

が使えます。

「求める面積を含む図形から不要な部分を切り取る方法」
PQRCの面積は3\times 4=12
PCAの面積は\displaystyle 3\times 1\div 2=\frac{3}{2}
QABの面積は\displaystyle 2\times 3\div 2=3
RCBの面積は\displaystyle 4\times 1\div 2=2
よって、
\displaystyle 12-\left(\frac{3}{2}+3+2\right)
\displaystyle =12-\frac{13}{2}
\displaystyle =\frac{11}{2}

「いくつかに分解して足す方法」
ASBの面積は\displaystyle 2\times 3\div 2=3
CSAの面積は\displaystyle 2\times 1\div 2=1
BSCの面積は\displaystyle 3\times 1\div 2=\frac{3}{2}
よって、
\displaystyle 3+1+\frac{3}{2}
\displaystyle =\frac{11}{2}

別の方法で確かめておくと間違ったときに気が付けます
今回は他の求め方が比較的楽なので特に確認しておきたいですね。

終わりに

三平方の定理が使えると図形の問題を解ける幅が広がります。
どんどん使っていきましょう。

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