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曲線とx軸が作る面積の問題の解法 | 夢を叶える塾
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曲線とx軸が作る面積の問題の解法

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曲線とx軸が作る面積を求める問題です。

基本問題

曲線y=x^2+4x+3とx軸に囲まれた図形の面積Sを求めなさい。

解き方

f(x)が区間[a,b]で正の値をとるとき、
\int_a^b f(x) dx
でf(x),x=a,x=b,y=0に囲まれた図形の面積を求めることができます。
積分と面積_1

f(x)が区間[a,b]で負の値をとるとき、
-\int_a^b f(x) dx
でf(x),x=a,x=b,y=0に囲まれた図形の面積を求めることができます。

曲線y=f(x)とx軸に囲まれた図形の面積はどう求めたらよいか。
f(x)=0となるx=a,bがあれば、
\int_a^b f(x) dx
になりますね。
積分と面積_2

解説

曲線y=x^2+4x+3とx軸に囲まれた図形の面積Sを求めなさい。

まずどのような面積を求めるのか図示して確認しましょう。
y=x^2+4x-6
二次関数のグラフの書き方は大丈夫ですか?
復習しておく場合は二次関数のグラフの問題の解法も参照ください。

平方完成するとy=(x+2)^2-1です。
軸がx=-2で頂点が(-2,-1)ですね。

積分と面積_3

こんな図になりましたか?
面積Sは
S=-\int_a^b f(x) dx
になります。

積分区間はf(x)=0なるa,bを求めれば良いですね。
x^2+4x+3=0の二次方程式の解ですね。
因数分解して(x+1)(x+3)=0ですから、x=-3,-1が解になります。
よって求める値は以下の式で求める事ができます。
S=-\int_{-3}^{-1} x^2+4x+3 dx

計算していきます。
\displaystyle S=-\left[\frac{1}{3}x^3+2x^2+3x\right]_{-3}^{-1}
\displaystyle =-\left(\left(\frac{1}{3}(-1)^3+2(-1)^2+3(-1)\right)-\left(\frac{1}{3}(-3)^3+2(-3)^2+3(-3)\right)\right)
\displaystyle =-\left(\left(-\frac{1}{3}+2-3\right)-\left(-9+18-9\right)\right)
\displaystyle =-\left(\frac{-1+6-9}{3}-0\right)
\displaystyle =\frac{4}{3}

よって面積Sは\displaystyle S=\frac{4}{3}になります。

応用問題

\displaystyle x=1,y=12x^3-18x^2+8x-1,x軸,y軸が作る図形の面積Sを求めなさい。

解き方

壁のようなx=0,x=1が作られました。
区間[0,1]の中でyの正負が切り替わるかどうかで積分区間を区切る必要が出てきます
面積は被積分関数が負のときマイナス倍する必要があるからですね。

解説

\displaystyle x=1,y=12x^3-18x^2+8x-1,x軸,y軸が作る図形の面積Sを求めなさい。

まず\displaystyle y=12x^3-18x^2+8x-1が区間[0,1]で解を持つかどうか知りたいですね。
高次方程式の解を求め方は大丈夫でしょうか?
復習しておく場合は高次多項式の因数分解の問題の解法をご参照ください。

\displaystyle 12x^3-18x^2+8x-1=0を解いていきます。
x=\pm 1を代入しても、偶奇から0になりません。
12を素因数分解すると2^2\cdot 3なので
\displaystyle x=\pm \frac{1}{2},\pm \frac{1}{3},\pm \frac{1}{4}
あたりが怪しいですね。

\displaystyle x=\frac{1}{2}を代入します。
\displaystyle 12\left(\frac{1}{2}\right)^3-18\left(\frac{1}{2}\right)^2+8\left(\frac{1}{2}\right)-1
\displaystyle =\frac{12}{8}-\frac{18}{4}+\frac{8}{2}-1
\displaystyle =\frac{12}{8}-\frac{36}{8}+\frac{32}{8}-\frac{8}{8}
\displaystyle =\frac{12-36+32-8}{8}
\displaystyle =0
やりました、ビンゴです。

2x-1で因数分解できます。
12x^3-18x^2+8x-1=(2x-1)(6x^2-6x+1)

6x^2-6x+1=0の二次方程式の解は解の公式から
\displaystyle x=\frac{6\pm\sqrt{36-24}}{12}
\displaystyle =\frac{6\pm\sqrt{12}}{12}
\displaystyle =\frac{6\pm 2\sqrt{3}}{12}
\displaystyle =\frac{3\pm \sqrt{3}}{6}
0 < \sqrt{3}< 3ですから
\displaystyle 0 < \frac{3 -\sqrt{3}}{6} < \frac{3 +\sqrt{3}}{6}< 1
になります。
よって3次方程式の解はすべて[0,1]の中に含まれている事になります。

増減表を作る必要はありませんが、わかりやすくするために作っておきますね。
正負さえわかれば、どんなやり方でも良いですよ

y=12x^3-18x^2+8x-1をxで微分すると
y'=36x^2-36x+8
y'=4(9x^2-9x+2)
y'=4(3x-2)(3x-1)
\displaystyle x=\frac{1}{3},\frac{2}{3}で解を持ちますね。

x0・・・\frac{3 -\sqrt{3}}{6}・・・\displaystyle \frac{1}{3}・・・\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}・・・\displaystyle \frac{2}{3}・・・\frac{3 +\sqrt{3}}{6}・・・1
y'=4(3x-2)(3x-1)++++00++++
y=12x^3-18x^2+8x-1-10\displaystyle \frac{1}{9}0\displaystyle -\frac{1}{9}01

積分区間は4つに区切られ、
\displaystyle \left[0,\frac{3 -\sqrt{3}}{6}\right]のときは負
\displaystyle \left[\frac{3 -\sqrt{3}}{6},\frac{1}{2}\right]のときは正
\displaystyle \left[\frac{1}{2},\frac{3 +\sqrt{3}}{6}\right]のときは負
\displaystyle \left[\frac{3 +\sqrt{3}}{6},1\right]のときは正

増減表等もとにグラフを描くとこんな感じになります。
積分と面積_4

よってf(x)=12x^3-18x^2+8x-1とすると
\displaystyle S=\int_0^{\frac{3 -\sqrt{3}}{6}} f(x) dx +\int_{\frac{3 -\sqrt{3}}{6}}^{\frac{1}{2}} f(x) dx +\int_{\frac{1}{2}}^{\frac{3 +\sqrt{3}}{6}} f(x) dx +\int_{\frac{3 +\sqrt{3}}{6}}^{1} f(x) dx
になります。

ここから計算です
ワクワクしますね。

式が長いので、区間ごとに面積を求めて足しますね。
\displaystyle \left[0,\frac{3 -\sqrt{3}}{6}\right]のときの面積S_1
\displaystyle S_1=-\int_0^{\frac{3 -\sqrt{3}}{6}} f(x) dx
\displaystyle =-[3x^4-6x^3+4x^2-x]_0^{\frac{3 -\sqrt{3}}{6}}
\displaystyle =-(3x^4-6x^3+4x^2-x)_0^{\frac{3 -\sqrt{3}}{6}}
・・・
すごーく大変そうなのですが、\displaystyle 6x^2-6x+1=0なるx\displaystyle x=\frac{3 \pm\sqrt{3}}{6}でした。
変形すると\displaystyle x^2-x=-\frac{1}{6}です。
余談ですが解と係数の関係とか、方程式の解になっているから成り立つ式とか、使いこなせると計算がスムーズですね
x=\frac{3 \pm\sqrt{3}}{6}のとき\displaystyle x^2-x=-\frac{1}{6}になります。
\displaystyle 3x^4-6x^3+4x^2-x=(3x^4-3x^3)-(3x^3-3x^2)+(x^2-x)
\displaystyle =3x^2(x^2-x)-3x(x^2-x)+(x^2-x)
\displaystyle =(x^2-x)(3x^2-3x+1)
\displaystyle =(x^2-x)(3(x^2-x)+1)
\displaystyle =-\frac{1}{6}(-\frac{3}{6}+1)
\displaystyle =-\frac{1}{6}(\frac{1}{2})
\displaystyle =-\frac{1}{12}

という事で
\displaystyle S_1=-\left(-\frac{1}{12}-0\right)
\displaystyle S_1=\frac{1}{12}
どんどんいきましょう。

\displaystyle \left[\frac{3 -\sqrt{3}}{6},\frac{1}{2}\right]のときの面積S_2
\displaystyle S_2=\int_{\frac{3 -\sqrt{3}}{6}}^{\frac{1}{2}} f(x) dx
\displaystyle =[3x^4-6x^3+4x^2-x]_{\frac{3 -\sqrt{3}}{6}}^{\frac{1}{2}}

\displaystyle 3x^4-6x^3+4x^2-x\frac{1}{2}を代入すると-\frac{1}{16}になります。

\displaystyle S_2=-\frac{1}{16}-\left(-\frac{1}{12}\right)
\displaystyle =-\frac{3}{48}+\frac{4}{48}
\displaystyle S_2=\frac{1}{48}

\displaystyle \left[\frac{1}{2},\frac{3 +\sqrt{3}}{6}\right]のときの面積S_3
\displaystyle S_3=-\int_{\frac{1}{2}}^{\frac{3 +\sqrt{3}}{6}} f(x) dx
\displaystyle =-[3x^4-6x^3+4x^2-x]_{\frac{1}{2}}^{\frac{3 +\sqrt{3}}{6}}
S_2と同じですね。
\displaystyle S_3=\frac{1}{48}

\displaystyle \left[\frac{3 +\sqrt{3}}{6},1\right]のときの面積S_4
\displaystyle S_4=\int_{\frac{3 +\sqrt{3}}{6}}^{1} f(x) dx
\displaystyle =[3x^4-6x^3+4x^2-x]_{\frac{3 +\sqrt{3}}{6}}^{1}

\displaystyle 3x^4-6x^3+4x^2-xに1を代入すると0になります。
S_1と同じですね。
\displaystyle S_4=\frac{1}{12}

いよいよ締めです。
\displaystyle S=S_1+S_2+S_3+S_4=\frac{1}{12}+\frac{1}{48}+\frac{1}{48}+\frac{1}{12}
\displaystyle =\frac{4}{48}+\frac{1}{48}+\frac{1}{48}+\frac{4}{48}
\displaystyle =\frac{10}{48}
\displaystyle =\frac{5}{24}

たっぷり楽しめましたか?

終わりに

面積を求める問題で、

  1. 定積分
  2. 微分
  3. 二次関数
  4. 高次方程式の解

等を復習できました。
今までの積み重ねが生きてきますね。
数Ⅲではさらに三角関数や対数関数等を積分して面積を求めていきます。
ワクワクしますね。

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