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合同と相似の証明問題の流れ | 夢を叶える塾
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合同と相似の証明問題の流れ

ホームページのリニューアルに伴い一部のページは新しいサイトにリダイレクトされます。

 

合同や相似を証明する問題の解き方についてです。

解くまでの流れは4ステップ

証明の問題は記述内容で部分点等ももらえます。
その部分点を考慮して4ステップで解いていくと点数をこぼさず得点できると思います。

今回は合同や相似の証明の流れを解説したいと思っています。
問題が三角形の合同を示せという問題であれば合同であることを示せばよいわけです。
中にはAB=DEを示せという問題で\triangle ABC\triangle DEFをしめし、AB=DEを示す問題もあります。
問題で問われている事を示すうえで合同を示せばよい、という事がわかった状態から始めます。

①問題を理解する

まず問題文に記載された情報から図を書きましょう。
一から書くことで頭の中に入りますから、問題に図が載っていても一から描いたほうが良いです。
とくに家庭学習をする上では。
角度や線分の長さ等直接記載のある情報はもちろん埋めていきます。
そして対頂角、同位角、錯角等で等しい角も書き込んでいきます。
円周角の定理や三角形の内角の和の性質等も使って情報を加えていきます。
中には方程式を立てて角を求める事ができる部分もあるでしょう。

②三角形の合同条件から骨組みを作る

次に三角形の合同条件が当てはまるかどうかを見ていきます。
\triangle ABC\triangle DEFの合同を示すのであれば、2つの三角形の間で等しい角や線分を見つけていきます。
最初のステップで見落としていた角や線分の等しい部分がここで見つかるかもしれません。

  1. 3組の辺がそれぞれ等しい
  2. 2辺とその間の角がそれぞれ等しい
  3. 1辺とその両端の角がそれぞれ等しい

いずれかを使える組合せの辺と角を見つけてください。
これが見つかればそれを少し間をあけて書きましょう。
例えば\triangle ABC\triangle DEFの合同で、1辺AB=DEとその両端の角\angle{ABC}=\angle{DEF}\angle{BAC}=\angle{EDF}が等しい場合を考えます。

解答欄)
(空白)
AB=DE
(空白)
\angle{ABC}=\angle{DEF}
(空白)
\angle{BAC}=\angle{EDF}
(空白)

こんな感じです。

③等しい理由の肉付けをする

2番目のステップで辺が等しい事や角が等しいという記載がされました。
これらの理由を書いていきます。
理由として平行線の錯角が等しいという性質を使ったのであれば、その「平行である」という事実や「平行線の錯角が等しい」という性質は必ず書いてください。
多くの問題で使われる理由をいくつか例として挙げておきます。

  1. 問題より
  2. 共通する角なので
  3. AB//CDで平行線の錯角は等しいから
  4. AB//CDで平行線の同位角は等しいから
  5. 対頂角は等しいから
  6. 三角形の内角は180°だから
  7. 三角形の2つの内角の和は残る1角の外角に等しいから
  8. 平行四辺形の対角線は中点で交わるから
  9. 点Bは線分ABと線分CD上の交点で\angle{ABC}\angle{ABD}の和は180°になるから
  10. 三平方の定理より
  11. 円周角の定理より
  12. 円に内接する四角形の対角の和は180°になるから

図形の知識を総動員して理由をあげて下さい。
そして肉付けするとこんな感じになります。

解答欄)
問題より、
AB=DE・・・①
対頂角は等しいから
\angle{ABC}=\angle{DEF}・・・②
BC//EFで平行線の同位角は等しいから
\angle{BAC}=\angle{EDF}・・・③
(空白)

なお、実際対頂角なら\angle{ABC}=\angle{DEF}なんてことにはなりません。
あくまでサンプルです。

④結論を書く

忘れがちなので敢えて分けました。
合同条件、どの三角形とどの三角形が合同か、問題で示したい内容は何か、それを踏まえた結論を書いてください。

解答欄)
問題より、
AB=DE・・・①
対頂角は等しいから
\angle{ABC}=\angle{DEF}・・・②
BC//EFで平行線の同位角は等しいから
\angle{BAC}=\angle{EDF}・・・③
①②③より、\triangle{ABC}\triangle{DEF}は1辺とその両端の角がそれぞれ等しいから合同である。
従って、BC=EFとなる。

みたいな感じです。

終わりに

特定の三角形の合同を証明しなさいという問題は「3つのどれかを使って証明しなさい」という問題になります。
そしてそれら三角形は合同になるわけです。
後はその理由さえ説明できれば得点になります。
解答すべき内容が示されているので比較的得点しやすい問題になります。
練習を重ねて解けるようになりましょう!

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